Development of Sports Psychology Program

Development of summercaters psychology ProgramIn this study I result formulate and validate a amiable skills course of study. The foundations in which this broadcast leave be created go forth be on the applied mutation psychology of ego- converse and resourcefulness. The preferred result of this psychological skills weapons platformme is to benefactor a foot nuter mitigate their ego-assurance in regards to their punishment winning ability, which pull up s controls be achieved by applying the magnetic declination psychology theories of ego- guggle and resourcefulness. I forget as well be critically analysing the selected mental skills for the program in this probe.Psychological skills educational activity or PST is the utilisation of organised carry through of mental skills to improve exploit, and improve general happiness in their somatogenic activity (Weinberg and Gould, 2011). Gill (2000) provides a straightforward description of PST when he states th at psychological skill learn is a combination of manners which have been chosen for the objective of achieving psychological skill needs. An someone may at times face new challenges or barriers in pastime which repeatedly test the limits of their psychological skills and may even earn prejudicial feelings to their game (Weinberg and Gould, 2011). Psychological skills prepare was developed to help the jock or pretendticipant to overcome these problems and prune them subscribe on the successful path of achieving the goals set for them.There is no unmarried big money for Psychological Skills train, each stage or element must be sport particular or identifiable to the individual and must be establish upon the individuals psychological state. When attempting to put together a successful (PST) program it is important that you ar able to recognize the struggle between (PST) methods and (PST) skills. (PST) methods send packing be ordinarily apply as a tool to aid impr oving the (PST) skill and (PST) skills are the psychological attri barelyes in which development is required e.g. tightness (Calmels et al, 2003). To maximize the efficientness of your Psychological Skills Training program, Thelwell and Greenlees (2001) argue that a (PST) program will be more effective if there are a few mental skills employed sooner of just one but they must be sport specific.assessment from the literature that has been published, it seems that the Soviet Union was the first nation to accustom mental skills training with their suspensors and coaches focal point back in the 1950s (Williams Struab, 2006). This proves just how farseeing Psychological skills training has been delectation in sport, although systematic contents did non emerge until the early 1980s when it grew to become the major focus for practice and research inwardly North America.A common mistake in which coaches and athletes make is the factors in a fair situation, with an example univ erse losing concentration when attempting to take a penalization kick in foot freak game can non just now be rectified by practising penalization kicks on a symmetrical basis but more importantly by improving ones psychological skill as it is the individuals lack of mental skills which usually deuce-ace to the penalization miss (Weinberg Gould, 2007). A perfect example of a football player who is known for their goal scoring ability and dead ball situations is Lionel Messi. The link below shows Messi miss a penalty at a time where he had been a run of ii attempts missed attempts in his previous matches.https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnuI3kYTyfcThe psychological skills program in this essay will be centred on a 23 year centenarian male professional footballer plying his trade in championship, who for the purpose of this essay will be referred to as Jerome. In the league in which he plays he is one of the deadliest strikers, who is used to puttinging the ball in the back of the net both in open play and in set pieces i.e penalties and free kicks which when awarded he is first in line to take. This being verbalize he has not been successful in his last 4 penalty attempt which is very unfamiliar for a histrion of his track record. The player has confessed that he has lost authority in his penalty taking abilities overdue to missing his last 4 attempts and is considering stepping down from his penalty taking responsibilities in the team. after(prenominal) much thought and analysis of the scenario, the psychological methods in which I have chosen for his personal skills training are imaginativeness and self- blether as I believe these methods are most beneficial and effective in restoring the young footballers confidence in his penalty taking ability. The application of these chosen methods within his psychological skills training program will allow him to visualise himself scoring a penalty victimisation resourcefulness whilst using positive se lf-talk to assure himself that he can score as he walks up to take the penalty kick.Both self-talk and imagery are skills so to increase the chances of success for Jerome they must be do. One steering in which Jerome could practise imagery could be a couple hours or match day morning before a game, he could conk a few minutes of his time picturing himself walking unto the football pitch, going done his pre-game warm up routine, in game situations i.e penalty kick, free kicks etc. Vealey and Greenleaf (2006) believe that this imagery method should enable the athlete to identify and understand particular behaviours and thoughts that they can actively engage in to bugger off to move toward their ideal self-image. Weinberg Gould (2003) state that In order to maximise the effectiveness of the exercise an athlete must assimilate all the several(a) senses which are related to their control. So Therefore it is important that Jerome try to presuppose things that make him feel as th ough he is going through the experience e.g the feel of the grass on his boots, the feel of the ball on his feet, the noise from the crowd and generally anything which is familiar to him when hes on the field of play. This type of imagery is described as event-day imagery.Vealey Greenleaf (2006) describes imagery as the process in which an individual creates or recreates an experience in the mind. These images will usually be of times of previous experiences or a totally made up scenario where the performer is successful in completing challenges or performing physical skills on the pitch (Weinberg and Gould, 2011). The use and effectiveness of imagery is maximised when the focus is placed on the individual using imagery to maneuver his or her emotions. It is not uncommon to see an athlete freeze up or even at times lose control of their emotions. For the purpose of eliminate this issue, the athlete when using imagery must recreate or view a possible or previous negative experie nce for him or herself, once they have done this they must wherefore despatch that particular image from their mind and imagine the same situation but in a positive stylus or sequel. By the use of imagery our young footballer Jerome will be able to imagine/ recreate a negative experience taking a penalty and past replace that experience with the desired outcome of him scoring the penalty kick, which may help greatly reduce the chances of Jerome choking or minimising his mental process due to prying emotions.Munroe et al (2000) contends that imagery can similarly be used to augment ones sport skills, strategies, confidence and also maximise the chances of achieving set goals. Jerome could use this to rectify any errors or weaknesses within his play, which in turn will help him increase his confidence. Bandura (1986) indicated that experiences originating from ones own imagination are an excellent source of situation specific self-confidence /self-efficacy. imagery can be dis junct into two forms with these two training methods being either internal i.e. creating images in the mind or they can be external i.e. observing visual images (Weinberg and Gould, 2011). Research by Callow and Hardy (19972001) suggests that the use of external imagery could be emend holded for the programme due to the athletes level of performance. This being said I will be focusing more on the internal training methods. One of the limitations of imagery is that some athletes do not have a great deal of imagery to begin with and as a coach it is pretty much unimaginable measure an athletes level of imagery as it is a mental process which cannot be observed.Morris et al (2005) expresses his belief in imagery stating that imagery is one of the most commonly used method of mental training for athletes. Imagery is an integral part of many mental skills programs as it offers vast range applicability with imagery also being relevant in a wide range of sporting experiences. Moritz et al (1996) states how the even out-hand(a) use use of imagery can help improve confidence through rehearsing mental images. Imagery can also be used by a number of polar individuals ranging from elites or professionals and novices or amateurishs. Imagery also can be built into and around an athletes daily routine or workday in order to suit the individual needs of the athlete. This being said it is important that the athlete be in a well state mentally before root word the process of imagery. Gregg, Hall and Hanton (2004) explains that before an athlete attempts or begins any imagery sessions it is important that he or she be in a good haoma of mind and must also be in the ripe(p) mood as this better prepares them for the sessions maximising the chances of success in the process. .Self-talk is other psychological skills training technique that will be assimilated into Jeromes (PST) program. Hackfort Schwenkmezger (1993) localise Self talk as the verbal dialogue in which an athlete can not only understand their perceptions and feelings but also esteem how their feeling and then give themselves instructions or reinforcement. Self talk can be used both in a sporting environments e.g. the changing rooms, during competition before competition, after competition and in a non-sporting environments e.g. at home or a quiet/peaceful place.Landin and Herbert (1999) states that self talk can be separated into three different categories which are positive i.e. motivational, negative and instructional. Self talk can be separated into three different categories positive i.e. motivational, negative and instructional. Conventionally positive self talk is used to increase an athletes endeavour and to enhance a positive attitude although positive self talk does not implement any sport specific target or parturiency e.g. (a golf player can say to himself im going to sink this putt ). Instructional self talk can be used in mental skills training to assist in the maint enance of an athletes focus on task associated areas of their own performance with the desired outcome being that they augment the execution of a skill e.g. (a footballer could say to himself to self to focus on his technique when striking the ball). The third and final category is negative self talk and this can be described as when an athlete is over critical of them self which can decrease the athletes chances of achieving their goals, this can also lead to anxiety which can also bring an athletes performance down. A good example of negative self talk could be a footballer telling them self that their passing is below par or they do not have the ability to compete with the enemy etc. one limitation of self talk is that if an athlete does not fully focused they may become distracted as they could square up themselves confused as their overloaded with stimuli.Self talk used decently can be useful in a number of different tasks in sport, this being said it is important that the practitioner evaluate what would be the most suitable type of self talk for the selected task which will then maximise the chance of future performance augmentation for an athlete. Mikes (1987) suggests that there are six rules which can aid an athlete with performance implementation, these are as followsFirst person should be used and present tense carry phrases as short as possible and be specific The phrases should be constructive and positiveSpeak to yourself in a kind mannerPhrases should be meaningfulPhrases should be repeated frequentlyIn favor of all the bullet points stated there are also a number of other strategies which have been found to improve self-talk. ever-changing negative self-talk and thought stopping are some of the most successful strategies used in psychology in sport. The term Thought stopping describes the way in which an individual or disregards or deals with negative thoughts before they begin corrupt the mind-set of the individual which whether youre an athlete or amateur could lead to a negative impact on performance. The term Changing negative self-talk to positive self-talk can be described as when an individual is coping with negative thoughts and then transforms them into positive self-talk which could change the mind frame of the individual as the athlete or amateur will be more than likely more motivated. Jerome could use this particular mental skills method of positive self talk before attempting to take a penalty or free kick simply telling maxim I will score.Jeromes psychological skills training program (PST) will be conducted in phases as he attempts to improve his confidence in his penalty taking.as previously stated the program will be based on the two mental skills training methods of imagery and self-talk. This program should be used and repeated for over 6 weeks as anything less could say the effects of the skills training to be temporary.Phase 1 (Night earlier to match) hand over your habitual match day rout ine as detailed as possible then once the match has ended picture yourself travel asleep.Phase 2 (Night prior to match)Picture yourself before kick-off walking with your teammates through the tunnel, the cheers of the crowd, while also trying to imagine or recreate how that makes you feel, then end the image with you dropping asleep.Phase 3 (Training)Picture you on the pitch stepping up to take a penalty kick saying to yourself repeatedly I will score.Phase 4 (Night prior to match)Picture yourself going through your customary match day routine, then imagine as detailed as possible yourself in a game situation just about to step up to take a penalty telling yourself obscurely I will score you should then imagine yourself scoring the penalty and celebrating moving on to your customary post match routine then ending the image with you falling asleep.Phase 5 (Match)Prior to taking a penalty you should use imagery to picture yourself scoring and then use self talk saying to yourself obscurely and repeatedly I will score.After analysing the current evidence and research in imagery and self talk it is safe to say that both are effective practices. The psychological skills training program provided will allow for the chosen athlete to improve his confidence in his penalty taking ability if both the practitioner conducts the program correctly and the athlete participates in the program willingly and in the right frame of minds. Jerome should be able to improve his confidence with regard to his penalty taking ability. The development of Strong mental skills may help Jerome to perform at his maximum level and may also lead to him decorous a more consistent performer. Although, a number of limitations have been accepted that could affect the success of these types of programs. The person delivering the programme plays a key fibre in the success of the program as the person delivering the programme has to be able to correctly impart to the player the basics behind the use of these methods as lack of knowledge of the methods could have a negative effect in the players motivation as they might start to lose credence in the methods. This could possibly lead to a decrease in effort from Jerome as motivation could play a key role in him being able to work on and maintain his ability to produce mental images. Another limitation that can affect the success of the program is the time spent on it as it is important that the athlete sink almost as much time practicing these skills as they do practicing their physical skills. A common mistake made in the application of these programmes is that the practitioner or athlete does not keep to the recommended time period which in order to augment and maintain not only their mental stableness but also their confidence in these methods should be recurrently practiced throughout the football season.Reference listBandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and actions A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Calmels, C. et al. (2003) Competitive strategies among elite effeminate gymnasts An exploration of the relative influence of psychological skills training and natural acquisition experiences. International Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology.Callow, N. Hardy, L. (2001). Types of Imagery with Sport effrontery in Netball Players of Varying Skill Levels.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 13 (1), p1-17.Gregg, M. Hall, C., Hanton, S. (2004). sensed effectiveness of mental imagery. Manuscript submitted for publication.Gill, D. (2000) Psychological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise, second edition, Champaign, Illinois Human Kinetics.Hackfort, D., Schwenkmezger, P. (1993) Anxiety. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphy, L. K. Tenant (Eds.), Handbook of research in sport psychology. New York Macmillan.Moritz, S. Hall, C. Martin, K. Vadocz, E. (1996). What are confident athletes imaging? An Examination of Image Content. The Sports Psychologist. 10 (1), p171-179.Mikes, J. (1987). Basketball fundamentals A complete mental training guide. Champaign, IL Leisure Press.Munroe, K. J., Giacobbi, P., Hall, C. R., Weinberg, R. S. (2000). The 4 Ws of imagery use Where, when, wherefore and what. The Sport Psychologist, 14Landin, D., Hebert, E. P. (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal ofApplied Sport Psychology, 11, 263282.Thelwell, R.C. and Greenlees, I.A. (2001) The effects of a mental skills training package on gymnasium triathlon performance. The Sports Psychologist,Vealey, R. S., Greenleaf, C. A. (2006). Seeing is believing Understanding and using imagery in sport. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology ain growth to peak performance fifth ed. (pp. 285-305). Mountain View, CA Mayfield Publishing.Weinberg, R. and Gould, D. (2003). Foundations of sport exercise psychology (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.Weinberg, R and Gould, D (2007). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psycho logy.. Champaigne, IL Human Kinetics.Weinberg, R, and Gould, D (2011). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. 5th ed. Leeds Human Kinetics. p.247-362.Williams, J.M., Straub, W.F. (2006). Sport Psychology Past, present, future. In J.M. Wiliams (Ed.), Applied Sport Psychology Personal growth to peak performance (5th ed). Boston McGraw-Hill