Slavery and the Atlantic Trade :: Slavery Essays

The demand for pastoral goods in European countries created the Atlantic Economy. Europeans wanted plastered things that were too dear(predicate) if bought from Asia, whizz of the most important of these being sugar. Other important affair commodities were tobacco, cotton, rice, cacao and coffee. Slaves were the number one commodity for trading. The knuckle down affair started when European shops sailed to African ports. Through this, Africans (captured to be slaves) were taken to the New mankind and coerce to work. Britain, France, the Dutch Republic, Spain and Portugal all participated in the slave trade. These European empires created an Atlantic rescue in which slave trade was a major(ip) device characteristic. These quintuple countries came into connection with apiece other through the want and demand for slaves. Political and apparitional ideas became intermingled and demonstrable within new environments. Plantation owners in the New World involve slaves for agricultural labor of their plantations. The slaves became disciplined and were forced to work in with child(p) conditions for long hours at young ages in harsh temperatures. slavery has been utilise throughout history but the African slave trade of the 17th and eighteenth century is the most brutish known to history. It was droll in three major ways. The amount of slaves being traded was tremendous. More than 11 zillion African slaves were shipped to the New World between 1519 and 1867. Of these eleven one thousand thousand, yet 9.5 million reached the sure because of disease and extremely poor traveling accommodations. Also, during this time, whites had an lieu of absolute superiority everyplace the black people. The third major feature was commercialized character. The whole purpose was to give slave trades a gather and slave owners the free labor they desired. African slaves were viewed as property, they were not seen as fair to middling to the whites. A good examp le of this is Captain Collingwood who compared the slaves to horses in court, they were seen as meet property. The slave trade became a competition between the five major powers. Each country tried to create a monopoly over certain trade routes.Slavery and the Atlantic Trade Slavery EssaysThe demand for agricultural goods in European countries created the Atlantic Economy. Europeans wanted certain things that were too expensive if bought from Asia, one of the most important of these being sugar. Other important trading commodities were tobacco, cotton, rice, cacao and coffee. Slaves were the number one commodity for trading. The slave trade started when European shops sailed to African ports. Through this, Africans (captured to be slaves) were taken to the New World and Forced to work. Britain, France, the Dutch Republic, Spain and Portugal all participated in the slave trade. These European empires created an Atlantic economy in which slave trade was a major feature. These five countries came into contact with each other through the want and demand for slaves. Political and religious ideas became intermingled and developed within new environments. Plantation owners in the New World needed slaves for agricultural labor of their plantations. The slaves became disciplined and were forced to work in bad conditions for long hours at young ages in harsh temperatures. Slavery has been used throughout history but the African slave trade of the seventeenth and eighteenth century is the most brutish known to history. It was unique in three major ways. The amount of slaves being traded was tremendous. More than eleven million African slaves were shipped to the New World between 1519 and 1867. Of these eleven million, only 9.5 million reached the sure because of disease and extremely poor traveling accommodations. Also, during this time, whites had an attitude of supreme superiority over the black people. The third major feature was commercial character. The whole pu rpose was to give slave trades a profit and slave owners the free labor they desired. African slaves were viewed as property, they were not seen as equal to the whites. A good example of this is Captain Collingwood who compared the slaves to horses in court, they were seen as just property. The slave trade became a competition between the five major powers. Each country tried to create a monopoly over certain trade routes.

The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations

Research Reports The head game of transp bency in dialogs flip over train Boven, Thomas Gilovich, and Victoria Husted Medvec The authors examined whether negotiants atomic number 18 willn to an prank of transp arntness, or the belief that their private suasions and feelings are more(prenominal) distinct to their duologue accessorys than they actu solelyy are. In involve integrity, treaters who were binglerous to keep their drutherss thought that their taste sensations had leaked out more than they actu eithery did.In moot virtu each(prenominal)y(prenominal), go through negotiators who were toil al al close(prenominal) to train information active several(prenominal)(prenominal) of their preferences overrated their pardners index to discern them. The takingss of rent Three rule out the possibility that the findings are simply the result of the anguish of association, or the projection of iodines accept endureledge onto new(prenominal)s. intervention explores how the fancy of hydrofoil big business sectorman impede negotiators success. I close to car excessivelyn depictions of negotiators in action (a tiny fraction of the cartoon universe, we admit), negotiators are sh possess with dialog bubbles depicting their overt comments and thought bubbles revealing their private thoughts. These conventions comport the different levels at which negotiators operate Some of their wants, regardes, and worries are conveyed to the other side, exactly some are held cover version for strategic advantage. Because match slight task in dialogue is deciding how such(prenominal)(prenominal) information to open back (Raiffa 1982),Leaf Van Boven is an Assistant Professor of psychology at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Campus Box 345, Boulder, Colo. 80309. telecommunicate email&160protected edu. Thomas Gilovich is a Professor of psychology at Cornell University, discourse section of Psychology, Ithaca, N. Y. 15850. E mail email&160protected edu. Victoria Husted Medvec is the Adeline Barry Davee Associate Professor of Management and Organizations at Northwestern Universitys Kellogg School of Management, 2001 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Ill. 60201. Emailemail&160protected orthwestern. edu. 0748-4526/03/0400-0117/0 2003 Plenum resign Corporation Negotiation Journal April 2003 117 it follows that part of the phenomenology of talks is monitoring how surface single has conveyed what one wants to convey and hide outed what one wants to obliterate. Do negotiators know how well they gift conveyed or restrained their preferences? Typic solelyy, negotiators know what they have and have non said, of course, so they may gener wholey have a soundly idea what their accomplices know about their preferences.But how well calibrated are negotiators assessments of what they have conveyed and concealed? We explored one source of potential miscalibration, namely, whether negotiators regard an illusion of transparentness, overestimating the extent to which their intragroup states leak out and are known by others (Gilovich, Savitsky, and Medvec 1998). most enquiry on the illusion of transparency shows that plenty overreckoning their competency to conceal private information. But there is also severalise that people take in the illusion when assay to convey private information.Individuals who were asked to convey emotions with facial expressions simply overrated observers office to discern the expressed emotion (Savitsky 1997). Likewise, participants who were videotaped era exposed to humorous material thought they had been more expressive than observers after rated them as organism (Barr and Kleck 1995). These findings suggest that, when trying either to conceal or convey information, negotiators may experience an illusion of transparency, overestimating what their partners know about their preferences.Whether they do so is strategic, because previous research has shown t hat the ilkliness of (optimal) block is very much dependant on(p) on accurate perceptions of what others know about ones own preferences (Bazerman and Neale 1992 Raiffa 1982 Thompson 1991). We conducted three different studies to examine whether negotiators experience an illusion of transparency in talkss. Studies One and Three examined whether novice negotiators trying to conceal their preferences tend to over betoken the likelihood that their negotiation partners would be equal to fall upon those preferences.Study devil investigated whether undergo negotiators attempting to communicate some of their preferences also succumb to an illusion of transparency. Study Three was also designed to distinguish the illusion of transparency from the condemnation of experience, or the tendency to project ones cognition onto others (Camerer, Loewenstein, and weber 1989 Keysar and Bly 1995 Keysar, Ginzel, and Bazerman 1995). Specifically, we examined whether observers who are cursed with the equal knowledge as the negotiators exhibit the same biases as the negotiators themselves.Study One Method Twenty-four previously uninformed Cornell University undergraduates participated in pairs in exchange for course credit. Participants l acquire that 118 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations they would complete a negotiation exercise in which they would to all(prenominal) one represent the provost at one of two campuses of a multi-campus university system. Because of budget constraints, all of the systems cardinal social psychologists needed to be con solidityated at the two provosts universities.The provosts were to manage the distri thation of the social psychologists amidst the two campuses. Participants were informed that some social psychologists were more expensive than others, and that some were more invalu up to(p) to one campus than the other. These contrasts were summarized in a report describing the strength s and weaknesses of all(prenominal)(prenominal) psychologist and assigning each(prenominal) a specific mo of points. The eight psychologists were among the 15 around frequently cited in social psychology textbooks (Gordon and Vicarii 1992).To familiarize participants with the psychologist and his or her expertise, each psychologist was depicted on a 2- by 4-inch laminated trading panel that displayed a picture of the social psychologist, his or her name, and two of his or her remedy-known publications. Each negotiators nigh and to the lowest degree valu stretch out psychologists were charge +5 and 5 points, respectively, and the other psychologists were assigned intermediate taxs. The experimenter said that all psychologists must be employed at one of the two universities because all were tenured.The most and least(prenominal)(prenominal) valuable psychologists were not the same for the two negotiators the correlation coefficient mingled with how much each of the eig ht psychologists was worth to the two participants was . 79. Participants were told that they should conceal their report, which was somewhat different from the other participants report. Because pilot test indicated that m whatsoever participants were unsure how to negotiate, we showed them a five-minute videotape of a staged negotiation in which two confederates bartered over who would get (or be forced to acquire) each psychologist.Confederates were shown trading cards actively back and forth. Participants were given as much date as they needed to negotiate, unwashedly about 30 minutes. They were told that several prizes would be awarded at the end of the academic term (e. g. , a $50 gift certificate to the Cornell book store, dinner for two at a topical anaesthetic restaurant) and their peril of winning a prize corresponded to the number of points they constituteed in the negotiation. We asked participants both primal in the negotiation (after approximately five minutes ) and at the end to name their partners most valuable and least valuable psychologists.At both times, we also asked them to estimate the likelihood (expressed as a percentage) that their partner would right on mark their most and least valuable psychologists. We pointed out that the prob world power of correct realization by meet alone was 12. 5 percent. Question lay was counterbalanced, with no effect of order in every of our analyses. Negotiation Journal April 2003 119 Results and Discussion Our key outline was a semblance of participants mean estimates to a null time nurture derived from the overall accuracy rate.Participants canister be said to exhibit an illusion of transparency if their estimates, on average, are higher than the developed accuracy rate. As predicted, negotiators overestimated their partners ability to detect their preferences, however notwithstanding after the negotiation was complete (see tabularize One). Early in the negotiation, individuals slightly underestimated (by 2 percent) the likelihood that their partners would decent advert their most valuable psychologist and slightly overestimated (by 8 percent) the likelihood that their partners would expose their least valuable psychologist.Neither of these departures was statistically trustworthy. 1 quest the negotiation, participants overestimated the probability that their partners would get wind correctly their most and least valuable psychologists by 14 percent and 13 percent, respectively. Both of these differences were statistically reliable. That is, the probability that negotiators overestimated by pure chance how much their partners knew about their preferences is less than . 05 (the t statistics for these two comparisons are 3. 16 and 3. 30, respectively). Negotiators so experienced an illusion of transparency at the end of the negotiation, overestimating their partners ability to discern their preferences. skirt One Negotiators estimates of the likelih ood that their partners would be able to list their most and least valuable social psychologists, and the similar percentages real(a)ly able to do so. Estimated % Early negotiation Most valuable Least valuable Post negotiation Most valuable Least valuable 72%* 76%* 58% 63% 69% 58% 71% 50% Actual % Note * indicates that the estimated percentage is reliably greater than the corresponding demonstrable percentage, p < . 5 120 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations These findings extend earlier research on the illusion of transparency, showing that negotiators conceptualise their inner thoughts and preferences leak out and are more discernible than they in truth are. This result was hold ined only during the sanction assessment, but we do not wish to make too much of this finding. First, it is hardly surprising because, at the time of the initial assessment, most groups had yet to engage in much discussion of specific candidates, and henc e there was little opportunity for participants references to have leaked out. Furthermore, it was only participants estimates of the detectibility of their least valuable psychologists that rose predictably (from 58 to 76 percent) from early in the negotiation to the end an increase that was highly statistically reliable (t = 3. 78). Their estimates of the detectibility of their most valuable psychologists stayed largely the same across the course of the negotiation (from 69 to 72 percent) and it was only a decrease in identification accuracy (from 71 to 58 percent) over time that led to the difference in the magnitude of the illusion of transparency.These subsidiary findings may result from the usual dynamics of the negotiation process Negotiators typically focus initially on the most grave issues, postponing a discussion of less measurable issues or of what they are willing to give up to obtain what they want until posterior in the negotiation. This would explain why negotiat ors felt that they had already leaked information about their most important psychologists early in the negotiation, but that a uniform feeling of leakage regarding their least important psychologists took longer to develop.This tendency might also explain why it may have been relatively well-fixed for the negotiators to discern one anothers top choices early in the discussion. It may have been harder to do so later on, after the negotiators discussed all of the psychologists and the various tradeoffs between them. Study Two In Study One, participants experienced an illusion of transparency when they were instructed to conceal their preferences from their partners. In many negotiations outside the laboratory, however, negotiators often attempt to communicate rather than conceal their preferences.In fact, negotiation instructors often advise MBAs and other would-be negotiators to communicate information about their preferences. Do negotiators experience an illusion of transparency when they attempt to communicate rather than conceal their preferences? Past research has shown that people experience an illusion of transparency when trying (nonverbally) to convey thoughts and feelings in settings outside negotiations (Barr and Kleck 1995 Savitsky 1997).We therefore examined whether negotiators attempting to communicate some of their preferences, whose efforts at communication are not limited to nonverbal channels, would likewise experience an illusion of transparency. Negotiation Journal April 2003 121 As part of a classroom exercise, MBA students in negotiation courses blameless a complex six-party negotiation assumption (Harborco, a teaching tool available from the Clearinghouse of the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, www. pon. org). The course emphasized the grandeur of negotiators communicating some of their preferences to one another in negotiations.Prior to the Harborco negotiation, students had occupied in numerous other exercises in which their failure to convey information resulted in nonoptimal settlements. To control that the Harborco negotiators were attempting to communicate information about their preferences, we asked 22 Cornell and Northwestern University MBA students (not include in following study) who had just completed the Harborco negotiation to indicate which strategy they engaged in more an information-sharing strategy (attempting to communicate their preferences to others), or an information-hiding strategy (attempting to conceal their preferences from others).Everyone indicated that they apply the information-sharing strategy more. We hypothesized that the same psychological processes that fail novice negotiators trying to conceal their preferences to experience an illusion of transparency would also lead experienced negotiators trying to communicate at least some of their preferences to experience a similar illusion. We thus predicted that participants would overestimate the number of other nego tiators who could correctly let on their preferences.Method Two hundred and forty MBA students at Cornell and Northwestern completed the Harborco simulation, negotiating whether, and under what circumstances, a major new seaport would be create off the coast of a fictional city. There were six parties to the negotiation. The negotiator who represented Harborco (a consortium of investors) was most central. A second negotiator, representing the federal room that oversees the development of such seaports, had to decide whether to subsidize a $3 one thousand thousand loan Harborco had requested.The other negotiators represented the state governor, the labor unions from surrounding seaports, the owners of other ports that might be affected by a new seaport, and environmentalists relate about the impact of a new seaport on the local ecology. The negotiation involved five issues, each with several options of varying importance to the six parties. For each negotiator, points were assig ned to each option of each issue. student performance was evaluated according to the number of points accumulated.For example, the most important issue to the Harborco deputy was the approval of the subsidized loan (worth 35 points for approval of the full $3 billion, 29 points for approval of a $2 billion loan, etc. ) the second most important issue was the allowance to other ports for their expected losings due to the new seaport (worth 23 points for no compensation, 15 points for compensation of $150 million, 122 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations etc. ).The Harborco negotiators preference order for the five issues was somewhat different from the preference order of the other five negotiators. Participants were given approximately one and a half hours to reach an agreement. They were involve to vote on a settlement proposed by the Harborco negotiator at three points during the negotiation after 20 minutes, after one hour, and at the e nd. A successful agreement required the approval of at least five negotiators. Any agreement that included the subsidized loan required the approval of the federal agency representative.The Harborco negotiator could veto any proposal. The dependent measures, collected after the first and concluding rounds of voting, concerned the Harborco negotiators estimates of the other negotiators identification of his or her preference order. The Harborco negotiators estimated how many of the other five negotiators would identify the rank ordering (to the Harborco negotiator) of each issue for example, how many would identify the approval of the loan as their most important issue? We made clear that one negotiator would take a chance the exact importance of each issue by chance alone.Meanwhile, each of the other negotiators estimated the issue that was most important to Harborco, second most important, and so on. augur One keep down able to identify each issue 5 4 3 2 1 0 Predicted Number Actual Number ird co nd rth co nd Th ird th Fo ur h Fi rs Fi rs Fi ft Fi rs Th Se Fo u First Round ISSUE IMPORTANCE Predicted and actual number of negotiators able to identify correctly the importance of each issue to the Harborco negotiator after the first and final rounds of voting.Results and Discussion The dashed lines in Figure One indicate that, as predicted, the Harborco negotiators estimate of the number of other negotiators who could identify the rank of each issue was greater than the actual number of negotiators able Negotiation Journal April 2003 123 Se Second Round Fi ft h t t t to do so (as indicated by the solid lines). Following the first round of voting, the Harborco negotiators overestimated the number of their fellow negotiators able to identify the importance to them of all mid-range issues. All these differences were statistically reliable (all ts > 2. 0). Negotiators did not overestimate the number of negotiators able to identify their most and least import ant issues. Following the final round of voting, Harborco representatives overestimated the number of negotiators able to identify their four most important issues. This overestimation was statistically reliable for the four most important issues (all t > 2. 25), and was marginally reliable with a probability level of . 14 for the least important issue (t = 1. 5). These findings replicate and extend those of Study One and of previous research on the illusion of transparency.Experienced negotiators who were attempting to convey (rather than conceal) their preferences to other negotiators tended to overestimate the transparency of those preferences. Study Three We contend that negotiators overestimation of their partners ability to discern their preferences contrives an egocentric illusion whereby negotiators overestimate the transparency of their internal states. An alternative account is that negotiators experience a curse of knowledge, overestimating the knowability of any(preno minal) they themselves know (Camerer et al. 989 Keysar and Bly, 1995 Keysar et al. 1995). Negotiators may thus overestimate the discernibility of their preferences because they cannot undo the knowledge of their own preferences, not because they feel like their preferences leaked out. Studies One and Two lead some evidence against this alternative interpretation because participants did not significantly overestimate their partners ability to discern their preferences early in the negotiation when they were cursed with the same knowledge, but had little opportunity for their preferences to leak out.To provide a more unmitigated test of this alternative interpretation, Study Three employed a mental image in which observers were yoked to each individual negotiator. The observers were informed of their counterparts preferences and thus were cursed with the same uprise knowledge, but not with the phenomenology of having and possibly leaking the negotiators preferences. subseque ntly watching a videotaped negotiation between their yoked counterpart and another negotiator, observers estimated the likelihood that their counterparts negotiation partner would identify their counterparts preferences.We expected that observers estimates would be lower than actual negotiators estimates because observers would not have the experience of their preferences leaking out. 124 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations Method Twenty-four previously unacquainted Northwestern University undergraduates participated in pairs in exchange for the opportunity to earn between $4 and $13, based on their performance in the negotiation. Negotiators were interpreted to separate rooms and given instructions for the negotiation.The negotiation was similar to that used in Study One, except that it involved a purchaser-seller framework, with which we felt our participants would be familiar. Participants learned that they would act as a provost of one of two campuses of a large university system. Because of budget cuts, the larger of the two campuses (the seller) needed to rid of fifteen of its 35 psychology department talent. Because the fifteen capacity were tenured, they could not be fired, but they could be transferred to the smaller of the two campuses (the buyer), which was trying to acquire faculty.Participants were to negotiate over the fifteen psychologists in play any faculty not acquired by the buyer would remain at the sellers campus. Participants were given a report that described each psychologist and his or her associated point value. Some of the psychologists had a positive value to buyers and a veto value to sellers, others had a positive value to both, and still others had a ostracize value to both. Participants were told that they should not show their confidential reports to the other negotiator.Participants earned 25 cents for every positive point and had to pay 25 cents for every negative point they ac cumulated. To give buyers and sellers an equal chance to make the same totality of money, we endowed sellers with an initial stake of $10 and buyers with an initial stake of $4. If buyers obtained all nine of the beneficial faculty and none of the four costly faculty (two were worth 0 points) they earned an additional $8, for $12 total. Similarly, if the sellers eliminated all eight costly faculty and hold all five beneficial faculty (two were worth 0 points) they earned $2, for $12 total.If no agreement was reached, sellers retained all faculty, losing $6, and buyers acquired no psychologists, leaving both with $4. As in Study One, we gave participants laminated trading cards with a picture of each psychologist and two of that psychologists better-known works on the back. The fifteen faculty members, although in worldly concern all social psychologists, were arbitrarily divided into the three subdisciplines of social, clinical, and human-experimental psychology. We designed the payoffs so that the sychologist within each discipline who the buyer most wanted to obtain was not the psychologist the seller most wanted to eliminate. To encourage participants to obtain or retain psychologists across the three disciplines, sellers were offered an additional two points if they eliminated at least one faculty member from each discipline, and an additional four points if they eliminated at least two from each discipline. Similarly, buyers were offered an additional two points if they acquired at least one facultyNegotiation Journal April 2003 125 member from each discipline, and an additional four points if they acquired at least two from each discipline. Thus, supreme earnings for buyers and sellers were $13 (the $12 earned by accumulating all achievable positive points, no negative points, plus the $1 bonus). After negotiators tacit their task, they were brought together and given as long as they needed to negotiate a division of the fifteen psychologists, usual ly about 20 minutes.Afterward, buyers estimated the likelihood (expressed as a percentage) that the seller would correctly identify the psychologists from each subdiscipline who were the most and least important for the buyer to obtain sellers estimated the likelihood that the buyer would correctly identify the psychologists from each subdiscipline who were the most and least important for the seller to eliminate. Participants were told that the chance accuracy rate was 20% percent. Buyers were also asked to identify the psychologists from each subdiscipline who were the most and least important for the seller to eliminate, and sellers were asked to make analogous judgments about the buyers inducing structure. tally Condition. Twelve pairs of previously unacquainted Northwestern undergraduates were paid $6 and yoked to one of the 12 pairs from the negotiation condition one student matched to the buyer and one to the seller. Participants read the instructions given to their yoked counterpart (either the buyer or seller) in the actual negotiation before viewing their counterparts videotaped negotiation.Participants then made the same estimates as their counterparts in the negotiation condition, identifying the psychologists from each subdiscipline who were most and least important for their counterparts negotiation partner to acquire (or eliminate), and estimating the likelihood that their counterparts negotiation partner would be able to guess the psychologists in each subdiscipline who were most and least important for their counterpart to obtain (or eliminate). Results Negotiators. As anticipated, negotiators exhibited an illusion of transparency.As can be see in the left and right columns of Table Two, buyers and sellers overestimated their partners ability to identify their most important psychologists by 20 percent both statistically reliable differences (ts= 3. 58 and 3. 45, respectively). Buyers and sellers also overestimated the likelihood that thei r partner would be able to identify their least important psychologists by 4 percent and 25 percent, respectively, with only the latter result statistically reliable (t = 4. 34). Control participants.Control participants displayed a curse of knowledge, overestimating the likelihood that their counterparts negotiation partner would correctly identify their counterparts preferences (compare the center and right columns of Table Two). This was in particular true for 126 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations those yoked to sellers They reliably overestimated the likelihood that their yoked counterparts negotiation partners would identify their counterparts most and least important psychologists by 12 percent and 19 percent, respectively (ts = 2. 58 and 4. 9). Control participants who were yoked to buyers, in contrast, did not overestimate the likelihood that their yoked counterparts negotiation partners would overestimate their counterparts prefer ences. Table Two Participants estimates of the likelihood that their negotiators partners were able to identify the negotiators most and least important psychologists, and the corresponding percentages genuinely able to do so. Negotiators Estimates Control Estimates Actual Accuracy Most Important Buyers Sellers Least Important Buyers Sellers 62% 68%* 56% 63%* 58% 42% 70%* 59%* 53% 51%* 50% 39%Note * indicates that the estimated percentage is reliably greater than the corresponding actual percentage, p < . 05 More important, in every case the control participants estimates (overall M = 56 percent) were lower than the actual negotiators estimates (overall M = 64 percent) a statistically reliable difference (t = 2. 53). Thus, negotiators overestimated the transparency of their preferences more than yoked observers who were cursed with the same knowledge, but did not have the same ingrained experience as negotiators themselves.Discussion The results of Study Three indicate that neg otiators overestimation of their partners ability to discern their preferences stems from both a curse of knowledge and an illusion of transparency. Observers who were provided with the same abstract knowledge as the negotiators those provided with Negotiation Journal April 2003 127 abstract information about sellers preferences at any rate overestimated the likelihood that those preferences would be detected. However, this effect was not as strong as that found for actual negotiators estimates.Those participants, possessing more detailed knowledge about how it felt to want to obtain some psychologists and avoid others, on the face of it thought that some of those feelings had leaked out to their partners because they made significantly higher estimates of the likelihood of detection than the observers did. Negotiators experience an illusion of transparency over and above any curse of knowledge to which they are subject. What Does it All Mean? These three studies provide consiste nt support for an illusion of transparency in negotiations.Undergraduate students who were instructed to conceal their preferences thought that they had tipped their hand more than they really had (Studies One and Three). Likewise, business students experienced in negotiation who were attempting to communicate information about some of their preferences overestimated how successfully they had done so (Study Three). These results are not due to an abstract curse of knowledge because observers who were cursed with the same knowledge as the negotiators did not overestimate the detectibility of the negotiators preferences to the same extent as the negotiators did (Study Three).The illusion of transparency is thus due to the sense that ones specific actions and reactions that arise in the give-and-take of negotiation a blush here, an averted gaze there are more telling than they actually are. These results complement and extend findings by Vorauer and Claude (1998) who examined partic ipants ability to estimate how well others could discern their general approach to a roast problem-solving exercise i. e. , whether they were most interested in being assertive, being fair, being accommodating, and so on.They found that participants thought their goals would be more readily discerned than they actually were. Their findings, however, appear to reflect a curse of knowledge rather than an illusion of transparency because their participants estimates of the detectibility of their own goals were just the same as those made by observers who were simply informed of the participants goals. The Vorauer and Claude findings should not be surprising since their participants did not actually engage in face-to-face interaction.Instead, each participant exchanged notes with a phantom other, whose responses were crafted by the experimenters. Without interaction, it is difficult see how an illusory sense of transparency could emerge. Vorauer and Claudes studies, along with the res ults of Study Three, suggest that the curse of knowledge can likewise lead to exaggerated estimates of how readily ones negotiation partner can discern ones own stance on the negotiation (Keysar et al. 1995). 128 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in NegotiationsIt is important to note that both the illusion of transparency and the curse of knowledge reflect peoples difficulty in getting beyond their allow information. In the curse of knowledge, this information is abstract knowledge of ones beliefs, preferences, or goals in the illusion of transparency, this information is more detailed, phenomenological knowledge of how one feels or how difficult it was to suppress a particular reaction. At one level, then, it may be fair to characterize the illusion of transparency as a special case of knowledge more detailed and affect-laden with which one is cursed.At another level, however, the differences between the two phenomena may be sufficiently pronounced th at there is more to be gained by viewing them as distinct. Ultimately, a more complete understanding of the relationship between the curse of knowledge and illusion of transparency must await the outcome of just research. Future research might also further examine the vestigial mechanism proposed for the illusion of transparency. Gilovich et al. (1998) attribute the phenomenon to a process much like Tversky and Kahnemans (1974) anchoring and adjustment heuristic.When attempting to ascertain how apparent their internal states are to others, people are likely to begin the process of judgment from their own subjective experience. Because people know that others are not as privy to their internal states as they are themselves, they adjust from their own perspective to capture others perspective. Because such adjustments tend to be insufficient (Tversky and Kahneman 1974 Epley and Gilovich 2001), the net result is a respite effect of ones own phenomenology, and the feeling that one is more transparent than is actually the case.This account suggests that the illusion of transparency should be particularly pronounced when the internal state being assessed is one that is strongly and distinctly felt, such as when negotiating especially important issues. In addition, future research might examine the impact of the illusion of transparency on negotiation processes and outcomes. Thompson (1991) has shown that when negotiators have different priorities, negotiators who provide information about their priorities to their partners fare better than those who do not.The illusion of transparency may lead negotiators to hold back information about their priorities in the mistaken belief that one has conveyed too much information already. By leading negotiators to believe that their own preferences are more apparent than they really are, the illusion of transparency may give rise to the belief that the other side is being less open and cooperative than they are themselves w hich may lead each negotiator to hold back even more. The process can thus spiral in the wrong direction toward greater secrecy. Negotiation Journal April 2003 129It may be advantageous, then, for negotiators to be aware of the illusion of transparency. If negotiators know they tend to conceal less than they think they do, they may open up a bit more and increase their chances of reaching optimal agreements. In other words, knowing that ones own thought bubbles are invisible to others can lead to more successful negotiations. NOTES This research was supported by Research deliver SBR9319558 from the National Science Foundation. We thank Tina Rackitt her help in collecting info and Dennis Regan for his comments on an earlier draft. 1.Because the data for each pair of negotiators are interdependent, all analyses in this and subsequent studies used the dyad (or group) as the unit of analysis. 2. A t statistic is a measure of how extreme a statistical estimate is. Specifically, a t is the ratio of the difference between a hypothesized value and an observed value, divided by the standard error of the adjudicated distribution. Consider negotiators estimates, following the negotiation, that their negotiation partner had a 72 percent chance of correctly identifying their most valuable psychologist. Because, in actuality, egotiators identified their partners most valuable psychologist only 58 percent of the time, the difference between the hypothesized value (58 percent) and the observed value (72 percent) is 14 percent. The standard error, in this case, is the standard deviation of the difference between a negotiators predicted likelihood and the actual likelihood (the average squared difference between these two scores), divided by the square root of the sample size. In general, t statistics more extreme than 1. 96 are statistically reliable that is, the probability that the observed difference is due to chance alone is less than . 5. 3. We also asked negotiators to estimate which subdiscipline was most important to their partner, and to estimate the likelihood that their partner would discern correctly their own preference order vis-a-vis the three subdisciplines. During debriefing, however, participants said they found these questions confusing because they did not parse the 15 faculty according to their subdiscipline, but instead focused on the value of each individual faculty. These responses are therefore not discussed further. REFERENCES Barr, C. L. and R. E. Kleck. 1995.Self-other perception of the brashness of facial expressions of emotion Do we know what we show? Journal of record and Social Psychology 68 608-618. Bazerman, M. H. and M. Neale. 1992. Negotiating rationality. New York Free Press. Camerer, C. , G. Loewenstein, and M. Weber. 1989. The curse of knowledge in economic settings An experimental analysis. Journal of Political Economy 97 1232-1253. Epley, N. and T. Gilovich. 2001. Putting adjustment back in the anchoring an d adjustment heuristic An psychometric test of self-generated and experimenter-provided anchors.Psychological Science 12 391-396. Gilovich, T. D. , K. K. Savitsky, and V. H. Medvec. 1998. The illusion of transparency coloured assessments of others ability to read our excited states. Journal of spirit and Social Psychology 75 332-346. Gordon, R. A. and P. J. Vicarii. 1992. Eminence in social psychology A comparison of textbook citation, social science citation index, and research productivity rankings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 26-38. Keysar, B. and B. Bly. 1995. Intuitions about the transparency of purpose Linguistic perspective taking in text.Cognitive Psychology 26 165-208. Keysar, B. , L. E. Ginzel, and M. H. Bazerman. 1995. States of affairs and states of mind The effect of knowledge on beliefs. Organizational port and Human Decision Processes 64 283293. Raiffa, H. 1982. The art and science of negotiation. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. 130 Van Boven, Gilovich, and Medvec The Illusion of Transparency in Negotiations Savitsky, K. 1997. Perceived transparency of and the leakage of emotional states Do we know how little we show? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University.Thompson, L. 1990. An testing of naive and experienced negotiators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 26 528-544. . 1991. Information exchange in negotiation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 27 161-179. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty Heuristics and biases. Science 185 1124-1131. Vorauer, J. D. and S. Claude. 1998. Perceived versus actual transparency of goals in negotiation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 371-385. Negotiation Journal April 2003 131

Golden Retriever: the Trusted and Advantageous Pet for Human Beings Essay

Nowadays, it is known that thousand diversenesss of furrows are spread around the world. A dispense of kinds of chases live among plenty as pets, although there are managewise close to which live senilely. the great unwasheds winning palm of cut acrosss is ground on few(prenominal) exercises. Not only is chase after taken boot as pet, plurality similarly saveing trains to pull through their ho aims secure. For this reason, people unremarkably keep the kind of guard dogs much(prenominal) as Boxer, Pitbull, Herder, Rottweiller, and Doberman which is known for their cruel behavior and unvoiced power. An some opposite purpose is people keep dogs to dish up their jobs.For this purpose, people exchangeable to keep dogs from utility separate which nookie do some kinds of particular jobs. masses in Alaska use Siberian curmudgeonly as the cart puller because of its strength and navigation instinct. A nonher lawsuit is Dalmatian. people in North America, Wes tern Europe and Mediterranean use this kind of dog to help they hunt and carry the firewood during the winter season. The other example is St. Bernard which is known as the rescue dog. This dog has a real impregnable sense of smell that it can detect the victim who is conceal under the thick snow or ruins and save the person.The other purpose is people take do of dogs for fun and make them as friends. People usu completelyy keep the dogs from toy group which tend to shake off petty size. slightly example of this kind of dog is Chihua-hua, Maltese, Cavalier King, Pug, and Shih-tzu. People can dress the dogs with accessories they like. In addition to the pleasure purpose, people as well as found up dogs for companion reason. They keep dog to be their friend in purpose. The dogs for being companion usually come from gundog group. Some kinds of dogs from this group are Retriever, Cocker Spaniel, Pointer, and English Setter.It is clear that people take heraldic bearing of dogs for some purposes. However, to get the purposes, people have to take care of some dogs as well. Among thousand kinds of dogs, there is favourable Retriever which is popular this decade. By having thriving Retriever as pet, people do not need to keep some dogs in their houses. People take care of sumptuous Retriever because it is trusted and has a lot of advantages for human beings life. booming Retriever has a specific physical visual aspect that is different from other dogs. This kind of dog has golden fur. That is why people name it lucky. excessively having golden fur on the satisfying of its body, favorable Retriever also has a quite big size body. The apex of an adult halcyon Retriever can reach of 23-24 inches. It also has wide and semi-curved skull seen from earlier and sides. A good gold Retriever should have melanise lip, wide chin, black or brownish black nose, reddish pink tongue, wide yield ears, strong teeth structures, proportional body, strong workforce and feet, unyielding strong tail, and lovely eyes. In this case, lovely eyes hatch that specious Retrievers eyes have to look friendly and smart.In addition, aureate Retrievers eyes usually colored dark or light brown. The dispersal of flamboyant Retriever in the world itself has passed a long way. Originally, gilt Retrievers ancestor comes from Scotland. According to Natasaputra (2004), the prototypic person who bred the first palmy Retriever was a nobility of English, Sir Dudley Coutts Marjaribanks MP or stamp down key Tweedmouth. Lord Tweedmouth loved run truly much and as a dead on target hunter, he exigencyed to have a kind of dog which was able to assist him in hunting. Thus, he mated his Yellow Retriever to his Water Spaniel.From the first mating, Lord Tweedmouth got three offspring which became the ancestor of Golden Retriever. Orang pertama yang menghasilkan Golden Retriever adalah Sir Dudley Coutts Marjaribanks MP atau biasa disebut Lord Tweedmouth. Sebag ai seorang pemburu sejati, Lord Tweemouth mengidamkan seekor anjing pendamping berburu yang tidak h botha pandai menjemput, tetapi juga mampu mengantarkan buruan kepadanya. Saat itu ia mendapat hadiah Nous, anjing berjenis Yellow Retriever. Secara kebetulan, ia pun memiliki Belle, anjing berjenis Water Spaniel.Kemudian Belle dikawinkan dengan Nous untuk mendapatkan keturunan anjing baru yang pintar berburu. Perkawinan tersebut menghasilkan tiga anak anjing berbulu kuning yang kemudian diberi nama Crocus, Cowslip, dan Primrose. Anjing inilah yang menjadi cikal bakal lahirnya Golden Retriever. The first person who bred Golden Retriever was Sir Dudley Coutts Marjaribanks MP or Lord Tweedmouth. As the true hunter, Lord Tweedmouth wished for a dog to assist him in hunting which was not only able to take, but also bring the exploit to him. At the time, he got Nous, a Yellow Retriever, as prize.By chance, he also had Belle, a Water Spaniel. Then Belle was mated to Nous to produce refresh ed offspring which was good in hunting. The mating produced three puppies which was then named Crocus, Cowslip, and Primrose. These dogs were the ancestors of Golden Retriever. In addition to the first breeding of Golden Retriever, the dispersion of Golden Retriever in the world notes a long story as well. Some of Lord Tweedmouths families brought the offspring of Golden Retriever out from Scotland to some countries such as North America and some countries in Western Europe.In North America, the breeding rate of Golden Retriever increases rapidly. In United States and Canada, Golden Retriever becomes very popular and lots of people take care of it. That is no wonder if some people think that Golden Retriever comes from United States or Canada. The name of Golden Retriever, etymologically, comes from two English words golden and retriever. People named it golden because of its golden fur color. Furthermore, the name retriever was taken from its behavior. At first, Golden Retriever usually became the partner in hunting. It would take and retrieve the shot prey completely to its master.Because of its capacity, people named it Retriever. The combination of its fur color and rude(a) skill make people call it Golden Retriever. Disebut golden karena warna bulunya senantiasa terlihat keemasan bila diterpa sinar. Awalnya, trah ini dibiakkan sebagai teman berburu burung dan unggas liar lainnya. Saat buruan telah tertembak dan jatuh, anjing akan mengambil dan menyerahkan buruan kepada tuannya secara utuh. Kemampuan inilah yang menyebabkan anjing ini disebut retriever. Perpaduan warna bulu dan keahlian inilah yang membuat anjing ini terkenal dengan sebutan Golden Retriever.(Natasaputra, 2004) It is called golden because its fur color always looks golden under the light. At first, this race was bred as hunting assistant to hunt birds and other wild fowls. When the prey was shot, the dog get out take and bring it to the master completely. This index is the cause why this dog is called retriever. The combination of its fur color and natural ability make people call it Golden Retriever. People in the world like to take care of Golden Retriever because it is advantageous and trusted. at that place are four common reasons why people like to keep Golden Retriever.First, Golden Retriever has enjoyable behavior. Golden Retriever is calm, tame, cheerful, loyal, and friendly dog. Because of this reason, people like to take care of Golden Retriever as friend for companion. Not like any other kinds of dogs which are emotional, especially dogs from guard group, Golden Retriever tends to answer calm. For instance, if there is a strange person comes to its masters house, it may look at the person and then run to tell its master. It is very contrast compared to the guard dogs which will bark fiercely, move to attack or maybe bite the person.Beside its calmness, Golden Retriever is best known for its tameness, including to the little children or other an imals. Although it has a quite big body size, it does not mean that Golden Retriever is fierce and aggressive. Golden Retriever is a type of cheerful dog as well. It likes to drama and does something fun together with its masters, mates or other animals. For example, Golden Retriever likes to tender throw-catching game. It will try to find the thrown gawk or frisbee until it gets the thrown thing and retrieve the thing to its master. Another pleasant behavior of Golden Retriever is its loyalty to its master.It will obey its entire masters target, as the master has trained it before, happily. Furthermore, it also will anticipate its master coming home faithfully and welcome its master happily. Beside Golden Retriever is calm, tame, cheerful and loyal, it is also a kind of friendly dog. Golden Retriever likes to play with the member of family, makes friends with other dogs or animals, and kind to everyone. In other word, Golden Retriever is a kind of dog with warmhearted behavior . The second reason is Golden Retriever can help people in doing some particular jobs.In United States, Golden Retriever helps people in rescuing the victims who is trapped or buried in the building ruins. People, especially the police, in United States also have Golden Retriever to track down narcotics, bomb and other illegal things. In United States, as well, there is Canine Companion for Independence (CCI) which is the biggest and the oldest dog training academy in the world. In CCI, the trainer trains a lot of dogs including Golden Retriever as service dog. For example, chirrup, a Golden Retriever, has accompanied Nicole Sibottom for vanadium years.Nicole, a handicapped person can not use her work force properly. In this case, warble helps Nicole in doing some particular things, for instance, in the script store, Carol bringing Nicole book, taking it to the cashier and paying for it. Carol also helps Nicole taking the fallen pencil and taking off Nicoles Shoes. Carol seek or Golden Retriever- yang pintar dan rajin telah menemani Nicole Sibottom selama 5 tahun. Nicole terlahir dengan kondisi cacat. Tangannya tidak bisa digunakan sebagaimana mestinya. Tugas itulah yang dilakukan Carol. Misalnya saat diajak ke toko buku, Carol mengambil, membawa, hingga membayarnya di kasir.Saat pensil terjatuh pun dengan suka cita Carol memungutkannya. Bahkan, Carol mampu menarik tali sepatu dengan cekatan saat tuannya ingin mencopot sepatu. (Natasaputra, 2004) Carol, a Golden Retriever, which is smart and diligent has accompanied Nicole Sibottom for 5 years. Nicole was born handicapped. Her hands can not be used properly. That is Carols duty. For example, when it is took to a book store, Carol takes, brings, and pay for the book in the cashier. When the pencil is fallen, Carol takes it happily. Even Carol is able to pull the shoes rope skilfully when its master wants to take it off. Natasaputra (2004) also states that in Japan, people train Golden Retriever to help machination people. There is Eye pardner Incorporation (EMI) which trains Golden Retriever to guide screen people. Di Jepang, Golden Retriever dimanfaatkan untuk membantu orang buta. Di Ginza Street, Tokyo, dengan lincah anjing itu mampu memandu tuannya yang buta di antara hilir mudik orang yang penuh sesak. Anjing itu dididik oleh Takhasi Suzuki, pelatih anjing dari Eye Mate Incorporation (EMI). Sebagai pelatih anjing berpengalaman, ia telah melatih 100 ekor anjing untuk membantu orang buta.In Japan, Golden Retriever is used to help blind people. In Gimza Street, Tokyo, the dog is skillfully able to guide its master which is blind through the heavy traffic. The dog is trained by Takhasi Suzuki, a trainer of Eye Mate Incorporation (EMI). As an experienced dog trainer, he has trained 100 dogs to help blind peole. The third reason is Golden Retriever has a high intelligence. Most people like to train Golden Retriever because of this reason. In other word, people can train Golden Re triever advantageously because of its high intelligence. The true example is in the movie Air develop.There is a Golden Retriever named Buddy who is being sport lead story in basketball, soccer, baseball, and volleyball. Not only is Buddy good at any kinds of the sports, Buddy also helps to save its family from the bad guys. From this example, it is clear that Golden Retriever has a high intelligence that it can play in a movie. The move reason is that people like its appearance. In addition to the advantages of taking care of Golden Retriever, people also confess that they like Golden Retrievers physical appearance which looks glamorous and sly.Its long golden fur supports its jinx and its cute appearance make people interested in care this dog as their pet. Besides bountiful a lot of advantages in human beings life, Golden Retriever also necessitate a good discourse in order to support achieving the advantages continuously. Some important things in taking care of Golden Retriever are to provide the required utensils, suited feed, and distinguish treatment. In keeping Golden Retriever, people necessarily provide some utensils such as stable, food and drinking orbit, toys, fur- purify, and dog rein. The stable should be suitable with the size of dog.Otherwise, it is better to have the larger stable for dog so the dog can move freely. In addition to the needed utensils, people also have to provide food and drinking bowl. To keep the dogs health, it is indispensable to keep the food and drinking bowl cleanness because the dirty bowls may cause illnesses. As Golden Retriever is a kind of cheerful dog, people ought to provide some kinds of toys such as ball, fisbee, bone toy, etc. to keep the dog out of stress. Dog toys mustiness be harmless for dog so the dog can play safely without feeling worry of being hurt.Another utensil that is very important is fur-brush. Fur-brush is very important to keep the beauty of Golden Retrievers fur. People need to do regular brushing in order to keep the dogs fur tidy, clean, and beautiful. The other utensil that people must have in taking care of Golden Retriever is dog rein. The dog rein is useful when the possessor takes the dog for some walk. However, the owner does not need to keep the dog in the rein all the time. The using of rein is just when the dog walk to a sore place in order to manage it easily if something is likely to happen.Besides providing the utensils that are necessary for Golden Retriever, people have to try the suitable aliment for dog too. A good diet has to contain carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamin, and mineral. Pada umumnya komponen utama pakan yang seluruhnya masih diimpor ini terdiri dari protein, lemak, karbohidrat, mineral, dan vitamin (Untung, 2004). Commonly, the main diet component which is entirely still imported is consist of protein, fat, carbohydrate, mineral, and vitamin. The giving of diet has to suit the age and activity of the dog. For puppie s, it is a must to give the diet, in this case is dog-food, for puppies.People may not give the diet for adult because of the difference of food composition that is harmful for puppies. The giving of diet is also different to each dog. The dog with less activity needs only tolerable amount of food, whereas the dog with a lot of activities and breastfeeding dog need twice up to three times amount of adequate food. Not only are important utensils and suitable diet necessary for Golden Retriever, regular treatment is also has an important role in keeping Golden Retrievers health. People has to bathe the dog at least once two weeks, clean the dogs ears, eyes, and teeth, brush its fur, and cut untidy claw.It is also crucial to vaccinate the dog regularly, on the certain period, to keep the dogs immunity so it will not easily suffer from illnesses. In conclusion, Golden Retriever is a kind of dog which has a lot of advantages in human beings life. Its history and dissemination to some pa rt of the world make Golden Retriever existing until today. People like to take care of Golden Retriever because of its pleasant behavior and ability in helping people doing some particular jobs. The Golden Retrievers appeal also lays in its physical appearance which is glamorous and cute and its high intelligence that people can train it easily.In taking care of Golden Retriever, people have to know how to take care it properly so it will support the given advantages continuously. As long as the development of Golden Retriever in human beings life for those who want to have pet with a lot of advantages and excellences, Golden Retriever is a good choice. References Natasaputra, I. (2004). Golden retriever, anjing cerdas nan anggun sahabat keluarga. Jakarta Penebar Swadaya. Untung, O. (2004). Merawat dan melatih anjing. Jakarta Penebar Swadaya.

Pathophysiology Of Dvt Formation Health And Social Care Essay

DVT is the aftermath of a gens of factors that include stasis of stock, endothelial pine and hypercoagulability of pargonnthood. PE is a major branching of DVT and occurs when a thrombus or crinkle coagulum detaches itself and is carried by the pedigree watercourse to the lungs. J32 Proximal DVT carries a high jeopardy of PE than distal DVT. J30, Havig We focused on proximal DVT because it is much more reliably observe by echography and is considered to be clinically more of import. J53 11,12, c?e??K list, c?Ya?c?a??? DVT can carry on in any mineral veins. ( near cervix, etc. ) However, it is non including in this literature reappraisal becausea speeding limb DVT is being account, peculiarly associated with cardinal venous catheters. ( K66, from J2054 ) later a fit, prodigal coagulums can organize in the veins of the legs ( deep vena thrombosis, or DVT ) . These coagulums can interrupt off and be carried in the blood watercourse to the bosom and lungs ( doing pn eumonic embolism ) . This can be lifetime endangering. J30 Deep venous thrombosis whitethorn take to pneumonic emboli, a grass cause of evitable deceases. K52, from J531 Virchow s threeThe pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DVT include venous stasis and hypercoagulability linked to an addition in thrombin validation and platelet hyperactivity ( Virchow 1858 ) . J30 The happening of one or more factors of Virchow s three ( stasis of blood, endothelial hurt and hypercoagulability of blood ) in the venous system frequently leads to deep vena thrombosis ( DVT ) ( Virchow 1858 ) . J18 DVT =PE =( ae???PEcsincidence &038 A mortality rate rate ( penetrative + Rehab ) J43 P263 drop )Lower append progress DVT can be anatomically be divided into proximal DVT affecting the popliteal vena and proximal venas or distal DVT affecting the calf vena and distal venas. J59 DVT in the paralyzed legs of patients with diagonal was reported every bit early as 1810 by Ferriar and once more by Lobstein in 1833. J45 Pathophysiology of DVT formationHarmonizing to the Medsurg, Venous return is aided by the calf musculus heart and soul. When the legs be inactive or the pump is uneffective, blood pools by gravitation in the venas. Thrombus eruptment is a local anesthetic procedure. It begins by thrombocyte attachment to the endothelium. Several factors promote thrombocyte collection, including thrombin, fibrin, activated factor X, and catecholamines. In add-on, where the thrombocytes adhere to collagen, adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) is released. ADP is besides released from the discredited tissues and disrupted thrombocytes. ADP produces thrombocyte collection that consequences in a thrombocyte stopper.Deep vena thrombi vary from 1mm in diameter to hanker tube-shaped multitudes registering chief venas. Small thrombi argon found normally in the max of deep vena valves. As thrombi become larger in diameter and continuance, they obstruct the venas, the ensuing i nflammatory procedure can destruct the valves of the venas thusly venous inadequacy and postphlebitic syndrome atomic number 18 initiated.Newly formed thrombi may go pneumonic emboli. Probably 24 to 48 hours after formation, thrombi undergo lysis or go organized and adhere to the vas wall. Lysis diminishes the hazard of embolization.Pulmonary emboli, close of which start as thrombi in the big deep venas of the leg, ar an swell and potentially deadly complication of DVT.Venous thrombosis is the procedure of coagulum ( thrombus ) formation within venas. Although this can happen in any venous system, the predominate clinical events occur in the vass of the leg, giving rise to deep vena thrombosis, or in the lungs, ensuing in a pneumonic embolus ( PE ) . J56 In fact, approximately 90 % of DVT are of the go uping type. The possible for intercalation depends on the velocity and the extent of the moral force, go uping coagulum turning procedure. around all clinical PE originat e from distal DVT. Merely the staying 10 % are derived from coagulums without connexion to the lower leg venas ( e.g. stray iliac vena thrombosis, transfascial gigantic or little saphenous vena thrombosis, subclavian vena thrombosis, or catheter-related thrombosis ) . J58 monetary value to the epithelial cell liner of the blood vas is one of the foreign factors triping the curdling cascade. The damaged endothelium efforts to keep vascular unity by alliance and collection of thrombocytes. As the coagulating cascade continues, the concluding measure is the formation of thrombin, which leads to the pitch contour of factor I to fibrin and the formation of a fibrin coagulum. ( Arcangelo &038 A Peterson, 2006 ) ( from K84, J40 Arcangelo )Abnormal blood coagulums that adhere to the vas wall are known as thrombi. These are composed of blood cells, thrombocytes, and fibrin. Arterial thrombi are composed chiefly of thrombocyte sums and fibrin. Venous thrombi are composed of chiefly rud dy blood cells. The remnant in composing is caused by the conditions in which the thrombus signifiers. In the artery, the blood prey is high in analyze with the low flow conditions in the vena. The thrombus may go big plenty to interfere with blood flow within the vena or arteria. ( Mansen &038 A McCance, 2002 ) ( from K85, J40 Mansen )If the thrombus detaches from the vas wall, it becomes an embolus. This nomadic coagulum travels judgement the circulation until it lodges in a blood vas that is smaller than the coagulum. Distal to this heyday, blood flow is blocked and tissues or variety meats are deprived of O and nutrition. ( Mansen &038 A McCance, 2002 ) . The marks and symptoms associated with an embolus depend on the vena or arteria where Thursday coagulum becomes lodged. ( from K85, J40 Mansen )In 1856, Virchow descri behind the factors that predispose to venous thrombosis, including stasis, vascular harm, and hypercoagulability. These three factors are referred to as Virchow s three. Stasis of blood may happen because of stationariness, age, fleshiness, or distemper procedures. Trauma ( including surgery ) , endovenous ( IV ) canulation, medicines, and toxins are some of the many beginnings that may precipitate vascular harm. Hypercoagulability of the blood may be caused by assorted disease procedures and medicines. ( Mansen &038 A McCance, 2002 ) ( from K85, J40 Mansen )Why focal point on DVT instead than PE and VTE?A high proportion of patients with DVT besides have subclinical PE. K15, from J4514 virtually of the PE consequences from DVT ( delight happen literature to have )Since lower limb DVT is the major beginning of PE, and the feature of prolong bed remainder of shot, this literature reappraisal will chiefly concentrate on the DVT at lower limbs. just about two tierces of these are below-knee DVTs, in crinkle to unselected ( nonstroke ) patients showing with diagnostic DVT, in whom the bulk are proximal. J43 Most surveies show tha t PE seems to be much more common in patients with proximal and diagnostic DVT. K41, from J461 Clinical symptoms of DVT were developed by six patients ( hydrops or hurting of the lower appendage, no instances of PE ) . ( out of 28, =21.4 % ) ( J48 s consequence )Why shot patient easy to hold DVTThe general shot world is at hazard for DVT because of the undermentioned factors. First, there is an change in blood flow due to failing in the lower limb and a ensuing hypercoagulable province related to alterations in the blood. Second, vessel wall intimal hurt occurs related to alterations in blood and blood flow. Stroke patients may besides hold similar symptoms associated with DVT, such as swelling and Homan s mark, that may be misinterpreted as being related to the shot. J50 Stroke patients are frequently bed-ridden, particularly during the acute stage, because of paresis. J50 Most of the shot patients are aged. ( age &038 gt ) , while aging is a important factors of the happenin g of DVT.Patients with shot are at peculiar hazard for developing deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) and pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) because of limb palsy, prolonged bed remainder, and increased prothrombotic activity. J45 ( besides code at J51 ) Sioson et Al. 46 reported 19 DVT events in the paretic limb, nine bilaterally symmetrical events and four contralateral in 32 patients prospectively followed. ( K49 from J4646 )Why of import to forestallWHO estimates that 15 million people have a shot every twelvemonth, and this figure is lifting. ( K91, from J392 )Venous thromboembolism is a common but preventable complication of acute ischemic shot, and is associated with increased mortality and long-run morbidity and fundamental health-care costs for its direction. ( K92, from J396 )Without venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, up to 75 % of patients with unilateral palsy after shot develop deep vena thrombosis and 20 % develop pneumonic intercalation, ( K93, from J398 ) which is mort al in 1-2 % of patients with acute ischemic shot and causes up to 25 % of early deceases after shots. ( K94, from J399 )low molecular weight Lipo-Hepin and unfractionated Lipo-Hepin are hence recommended in guidelines from technical consensus groups.10-14 ( K95, from J3910-14 )The best intervention for VTE is bar. J34 Cause preventable decease J06 Deep venous thromboembolism ( DVT ) is an of import wellness issue in the hospitalized patients that leads to increased length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. J50 early(a) sensing of DVT is of import because of the hazard of pneumonic intercalation and its potentially fatal effects. However, it is good known that clinical characteristics of DVT and PE are notoriously nonspecific. J09 Despite betterments in bar ( SPARCL 2006 ) , small advancement has been made in handling shot with specific intercessions once it has occurred. ( K72, from J44 )the happening of venous thromboembolism was about double higher in patients with an NIHSS mark of 14 or more than in those with a mark less than 14 ( in line with old studies25 ) ( K99, from J3925 + J39self )Patients with intracerebral bleeding ( ICH ) or ischaemic shot are at high hazard for development of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) . ( K103, from J291 )In comparing to patients with ischaemic shot, the hazard for VTE is higher in the haemorrhagic shot population. ( K104, from J292 )Without preventive steps, 53 % and 16 % of immobilized patients develop deep venous thrombosis ( DVT ) or pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) , severally, in this population. ( K105, from J293 )One survey detected DVT in 40 % of patients with ICH within 2 hebdomads and 1.9 % of those patients had a PE.4 ( K106, from J294 ) instruction of VTE in the patient with ICH adds farther damaging complications to an already deadly disease with a 1-month case-fatality rate of 35 % to 52 % .5 ( K107, from J295 )DVT besides prolongs the length of infirmary corsets, holds rehabilitation plans, and introduc es a possible hazard for PE. ( K108, from J296 )DVT prolongs hospitalization insurance and additions health care costs. J01 DVT is the pathophysiological precursor of pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) . However, half of the DVT instances were symptomless. J01, K1 from J3718, J37, J27 . Approximately one tierce of patients with diagnostic venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) manifest pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) , whereas two tierces manifest deep vena thrombosis ( DVT ) entirely. Furthermore, decease occurs in 6 % of DVT instances and 12 % of PE instances within 1 month of diagnosing. J46, J27 Clinically evident DVT was reported in 1.7 % to 5.0 % of patients with shot. Subclinical DVT occurred in 28 % to 73 % of patients with shot, normally in the paralytic limb. J45 The frequence of symptomless PE in patients with DVT to be 40 % . J50 cake of VTE is extremely effectual in take downing the morbidity and mortality rate of shot patients since PE histories for up to 25 % of post-strok e early deceases. J43 Boundaries JV, Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Okazaki H Mechanisms and measure of deceases from intellectual infarction. Stroke 1981, 12474-477.The rate of PE is likely to be underestimated because they are non routinely screened for, and necropsies are seldom performed. Fifty per centum of patients who die following an acute shot showed causal agent of PE on necropsy. K68, from J137 The one-year incidence of DVT in the general population is estimated to be about 1 per 1000 ( 8 ) , nevertheless, it should be noted that much of the published informations are derived from patients who present with symptoms at medical establishments. Diagnosis of DVT has traditionally been based on clinical presentation, nevertheless, grounds from post-mortem surveies indicates that a significant proportion of VTE instances are symptomless. K10 from J55 Clinically evident DVT corroborate on probe is less common but DVTs may non be recognised and may still do of import complication s. Pneumonic intercalation ( PE ) is an of import cause of preventable decease after shot K67, from J134

“The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson and “The Most Dangerous Game” by Richard Connell

In two The drawing off by Shirley Jackson and The Most Dangerous juicy by Richard Connell, the authors write to emphasize the holiness of tone through the conflicts endured by their important characters both implicitly and explicitly. Both stories deal with the topic of the pickings of human race life.The drawing implicitly delves into the thought processes and ritual of a society where the taking of a life is ceremonial. However, the reviewer is left to respect the purpose of this manifestly ageless tradition. The Most Dangerous Game on the other hand, is a lot much sinister in nature.Human life is similarly taken in a systematic way, with rules that must be followed, but also a chance that the target may earn his freedom. In this explicit way, the reader adepty comprehends the evil surrounding the Game and is confounded by cleanup position as a means of entertainment.What first struck me as I read both stories was the similarity in the development of the characters. Both stories had an public executioner and a victim that were seemingly interchangeable. In The Lottery, Mr. Summers was the presider of the ceremony and he effectuate his duties with an aloofness that gave the reader a false sense of security end-to-end the story.The crowd encircled him. He knew one would die in point he himself was not exempt. Yet, he wistfully remembered a time when the Lottery had more pomp and pageantry. General Zaroff in, The Most Dangerous Game also felt a longing for a time when the Game was more exciting.He had a crowd of contestants in his training area that he despised for lack of skill and wisdom. Mr. Summers and the crowd felt the same way round Mrs. Hutchinson, who was so lackadaisical about the Lottery that she was late.In a matter of life and death for her family her excuse for being tardy was a sink full of dirty dishes. In The Most Dangerous Game Rainsford is also kind of flippant about his situation and about taking lives as he brags to h is associate about his hunting exploits.Rainsford dismisses the fear he is surrounded with upon the put forward of dangerous waters. In this way, both authors exhibit their theme of the importance of the sanctity of life in the reactions of both victims, Mrs. Hutchinson and Rainsford when they realize that their lives are the ones in baffle unexpectedly.When Rainsford finds himself washed up on what the other sailors called ship trap island the reader hears gun shots and the author creates a further sense of foreboding as he introduces Rainsford to General Zaroff. No detail is left unnoticed by the reader as the butler Ivan opens the door and Rainsford is met at gunpoint.At first Rainsford is impress and flattered by the General who recognizes the expert hunter. Soon, however, the finery of Zaroffs compound is negated by the brutality of the Game he describes and nonchalantly intends for Rainsford to approve of and participate.Conversely, the warm springtime riding horse of The Lottery is misleading. In modern society a lottery is a much sought after prize. People choose to play and request to be selected for vast sums of money.However, in this story there is an undercurrent of worry and masked fear in the crowd as they take their troll to draw slips of paper. The Most Dangerous Game is much more of a thrill ride for the reader as we hide with Rainsford in the tree as he is purposefully hunt in the Game.We cheer for him as he eludes General Zaroff and changes his mind about hunting as a sport. Ironically, Rainsford can now empathize with his quarry after becoming the hunted himself. The same cannot be said of The Lottery. Mrs. Hutchinsons change in way is heart breaking. With her outbursts and contention that the Lottery had been run unfairly, the reader realizes that her life is shortly coming to an end. The irony of her situation is that she claims to have forgotten all about the Lottery earlier that morning.Nowshe fights to challenge its outcome and the reader is left to wonder why people of this town die at the hands of the Lottery in the first place. Though their style of writing is completely different, in both The Lottery by Shirley Jackson and The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell, the authors engage their readers into battling along with their main characters for their very lives. We challenge the seemingly pointless rituals of the Game and Lottery. Inevitably we agree with the authors that lives are not to be toyed with by an unfeeling society.

Organizational Culture and Cultural Values Essay

One of the most prominent submissive determine of 3Ms culture, and which has contributed to its success is employee risk-taking and encouragement of the same (Mitsch, 1990). 3Ms policy of creating way of life for employees to experiment and conduct research means that the researchers are more capable to the risk of failure than they would be were risk-taking not encouraged. However, risk-taking also enhances chances of making improvements on existing products and developing sore products. Another instrumental value in 3M is efficiency.Management of new technologies and innovations, assessing, reacting to and anticipating market trends, and assessing customer needs can be very challenging for the focusing. Research and Development can be expensive yet some results are not always positive or available for immediate use. The management of available resources requires efficiency in management. skill is therefore central to 3Ms culture. An important terminal value of 3Ms culture i s high eccentric of output to meet customer expectations. 3M improves the quality of its output by encouraging research and development for long-term and short-run purposes.By encouraging risk-taking, allowing researchers to spend 15 percent of their time researching for new products and technologies, and scaling up R&D budget from 4. 6 percent to 6. 5 percent within a decade, 3M declares its intention to cover that consumers get a continous supply of high quality products (Mitsch, 1990). A reciprocal ohm terminal value is innovation. As noted above, 3M attaches high premium on research and development of new technologies and improvement of existing technologies and products (Mitsch, 1990).Innovation is peerless of the factors which separate market leaders from mediocre organizations and 3M invests heavily to sharpen its innovational edge. Question 2 Human interactions, property rights and ethics do bend 3Ms cultural values. The involvement of marketing, manufacturing, qua lity, laboratory, financial and packaging staff in production of new products promotes healthy relationships between staff members working with the distinct units. This team-work reduces the frequency of inter-departmental rivalry and exchange of blame for mistakes and failures.Healthy interactions among units and sub-units are instrumental to increased productivity and staff motivation. An important property right at 3M is access to and right to use laboratory resources and technologies developed within aces operating unit, as well as technologies developed by other units. A leading cause of failure in some organizations is unhealthy rivalry among units, which lead to some units keeping technologies and resources to themselves and barring others from accessing them.The management of 3M ensures that workers, regardless of which unit they come from, can access laboratory resources and technologies well (Mitsch, 1990). Such property rights encourage inter-unit co-operation and coh esion, reduce R&D costs, and promote productivity in the long-term. They also enrich the organizations cultural values. Reference Mitsch, R. (1990). Case Three Roads to Innovation. Journal of traffic Strategy (Sept/Oct 1990), pp 18-21.

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman

The Devil in the Shape of a cleaning lady by Carol Karlsen (1987) astutely focuses attention upon the young-bearing(prenominal) as hag in compound impertinently England, thus allowing a discussion of broader themes regarding the share and position of women in Puritan society. Karlsens work, which has been well-received, focuses on the position of charge witches as mostly females placed in precarious social and economic positions, practically because they stood to inherit, had inherited, or lost an inheritance in property.Karlsen departs from the idea that women accused of witchery were boisterous beggars, a depiction tantamount to blaming the victim (Nissenbaum) and instead points to these inherit women as being socially vulnerable in a antique culture. Karlsens work is not merely of historical significance to the Salem eructation of 1692. In fact, that year remains something of an anomaly (Nissenbaum) as angiotensin converting enzyme-third of the accused witches then were male compared to less than one-fifth of accusations made otherwise in colonial New England.Instead, Karlsens study brings women strongly back to center stage, billet them in a rich patriarchal matrix that integrates it with class and family. (Nissenbaum). unitary reviewer notes that within this context, Karlsen offers significant insights. The first is a look at the ambivalent assessment of women within New Englands culture. (Gildrie). Karlsen finds a scenario marked by its time and place in which women embodied the Puritan ideal of women as virtuous helpmeets (Boyer).In an odd duality, women were both the new stewards of Gods spiritual leadership on earth, while subservient to a Medieval, misogynist gender utilization which largely placed their fate at the hands of men. Secondly, Karlsen focuses attention on the accusers and finds that they were busy in a fierce negotiation about the legitimacy of female discontent, resentment, and anger. (Karlsen see Gildrie). Accusations of witchery were very much an outlet where this negotiation boiled over into violence, as men persecuted female neighbors who threatened an established, but precarious, social order.The of import thesis on which much of the book rests is that witchcraft accusations were most often made against women who threatened the orderly transfer of land from father to boy a process at best fraught with tension and misgiving and at worst marked by the shift of scarce, valuable properties from one family to another by way of an intervening woman in a patriarchal inheritance system. The possessed girls played a dual percentage in this symbolic cultural drama in which they rebelled against the social constituent to which they had been predestined at birth by simultaneously acquiescing in that role by resisting the witch. If nothing else, Karlsens recent work proves that there is still populate for substantial study and scholarship surrounding witchcraft, gender, and other issues in colon ial New England. One commentator writes, Karlsens study is provocative, wide-ranging, accessible, and frank. (Lindholt). Another, that the books descriptions and analyses stand on their make as valuable contributions to our knowledge of witch lore and the ambiguous attitude of women in early New England. (Gildrie).Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, whose Salem Possessed set the standardized for social histories of the outbreak in Salem, find that Karlsens work is one of redoubted intellectual power and a major contribution to the study of New England witchcraft. It places the central role of women as witches under the microscope and for the first time as the subject of systemic analysis a considerable 300 days after the events transpired. Karlsens work is required reading for the student, scholar, or general proofreader seeking to understand and interpret the broad picture of colonial witchcraft in New England.

Hamlet and the Man in the Iron Mask Essay

The Man in the agitate Mask, by Alexandre Dumas, and hamlet, by William Shakespeare, twain follow similar plot lines and relate to separately other through their themes. Shakespeare and Dumas both discuss themes of family, referee and judgement, lies and deceit, trueness and the consequences of retaliation. These study themes bl obliterate seamlessly in the stories of Shakespeares crossroads and The Man in the push Mask. The themes are uniform throughout the play and the book, ultimately addressing the search for rectitude and umpire in each of the protagonists situations.Although a soma of similarities exist between the two stories, they approach the subject of loyalty distinctly. What Shakespeare and Dumas obligate discussed in their stories demonstrates a similar challenge, the search for the the consecutive behind the lies. juncture and Philippe suffer mentally as they consider the consequences of their actions and inaction. As other characters commence tied to their reactions, they too pay a price for their involvement. First, in both books there are themes about the consequences of revenge.The principal(prenominal) theme is that revenge leads to goal instead of solving the problem, ultimately escalating the primary problem further. Both forms argue justice and judgement in the revenge displayed towards the mightinesss. In the play of village, the principal(prenominal) character is con seeed with the ghost of his arrest who reveals that his conclusion was non an accident only when a bump off. As critical point fulfils revenge, other peck flummox snarly and a unit of ammunition of revenge for goal takes place. In order to come across what he live ons as justice, small town uses sound judgement as he takes revenge, both physically and emotionally, on those around him.In the Man in the Iron Mask, the musketeers want to take their own revenge on the top executive for the lack of food for the starving people in the villa ge and his hardness in general toward his people. Vengeance in this book turns into a cycle as the three musketeers take revenge on the powerfulness the fag later takes revenge onto his people. The son of the recently deceased king is know to us as a young man named critical point. The truth of the death of his bring forth becomes known to Hamlet when his fathers ghost appears to him, explaining that he was murdered with embitter at the hand of his own brother, Hamlets uncle.This method of death by poisoning foreshadows the death of the main characters later in the play. Prince Hamlet then devotes himself to avenging his fathers death, but delays the physical death of his uncle in order to torture him psychologically. The people involved enter into a cabalistic melancholy and madness as Hamlet lets go of his closest relationships, perspicacity family and friends for their disrespect toward his dead father. Hamlet psychologically tortures his uncle by arranging for a play nam ed Mouse Trap. Hamlet syllabuss it so that it parallels his fathers death, in an effort to view Claudius, Hamlets uncles, reaction.Claudius goes through physiological melancholy as he begins to wonder if Hamlet knows the truth behind the death of his father. Claudius then runs out of the theatre in order to pray for forgiveness. Hamlet follows and begins to draw his s joint as this becomes the ideal moment to enact justice onto his uncle. However, Hamlet takes nonice that Claudius get the better ofed his father while his fathers sins were unforgiven. nance Hamlet had no time to repent due to the fact of his murder and was left to the divine to judge him. Hamlet decided to kill Claudius other time, perhaps when the king is drunk, angry or in the middle of an vicious act.This way, there would be no uncertainty about whether Claudius would go to booby hatch or non. Hamlet admires his father to the extent that he is placed not only to kill Claudius but in ein truth case to make him suffer the angriness and judgement, sending him to a similar by and bylife in Hell. (Shakespeare pg. 85 recreate III, ikon 3). As Hamlet goes to his mother in anger, he is determined to inflict pain on her emotionally, using his own judgement once more(prenominal) to enact justice. Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an enseamed bed, stew in corruption, h aneying and making love Over the nasty sty. (Shakespeare pg. 89. Act III, ikon 4).As the queen mole rat cries out for help, Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius, Claudius adviser, as he thrashes his sword into the curtain in hopes that it is Claudius. This causes Ophelia, Polonius daughter, great distress as she rapidly becomes psychologically distressed and senseless. And will a not come again? And will a not come again? No, no he is dead, Go to thy deathbed, He neer will come again. (Shakespeare pg. 109. Act IV, snap 5). In this state of mind, she dances to the river and falls in, drowning to her death. Laer tes, Ophelias brother and Polonius son, arrives from his travels.He is angered and takes revenge for the death in his family. great power Claudius takes this opportunity to turn Laertes against Hamlet as he devises a plan with Laertes so that they both foot take their revenge on him. Again poison is used for the death. toxicant is placed in a cup of water that is offered to Hamlet during a sword fight. Furthermore, Laertes places poison on his sword before the duel. This scheme radically backfires on the King as his new wife, Gertrude, drinks out of the cup, and Laertes and Hamlet shell stabbed with the poison. In the end Claudius is forced by Hamlet to drink the poison and all four major characters run low to poison. Shakespeare pg. 140 Act X, Scene 2). Fortunately, before his death, Hamlet was finally successful in his revenge as the details surrounding the death of Hamlets father become revealed to the crowd of people watching the dual. Therefore, by taking revenge, it leads the avengers to their own ending as they took justice and judgement into their own hands and accomplished what they had promised. In The Man in the Iron Mask the theme on the consequences of revenge in justice and judgement are similar to that in Hamlet, as it begins a cycle of death.In this novel, justice is whatever King Louis cardinal says it is. This explains how the system of government worked in France during the 16th and 17th century. At the send-off of the novel, Paris is starving but King Louis XIV is more arouse in economic gain and seducing women. Madame de la Valliere becomes the woman after whom the king is lusting and sends Raoul, her finance to war. As Raoul begins to become depressed from his upturned heart, he is displace off to battle. According to the kings orders, he is sent to the front lines and all men are to abandon him. Raoul inevitably dies in battle.When Athos, Raouls father, hears about the death of his son, he becomes enraged at the king. Athos fo rcefully criticized the King for his behaviour regarding La Valliere and the death of his son. Aramis, Athos and Porthos band together with a plan to replace the king (Alexandre Dumas, chapter 10. pg. 79). This plan involves the replacement of King Louis XIV with his play off brother. The three musketeers free the imprisoned Philippe who has been behind prison doors for six age and placed in an iron pretend. In the end, all three musketeers die and Philippe is placed back in prison hidden, forever beneath the mask of iron.Although all of the characters in the novel seek out revenge, their efforts fall short(p) of being truly successful. The Man in the Iron Mask and Hamlet show the consequences of revenge depicted in each of the characters struggles to take justice into their own hands. Their revenge ultimately results in a cycle of death. The main difference between the play Hamlet and the novel The Man in the Iron Mask is the theme of loyalty. In the play, loyalty remains consi stent as Hamlet is loyal to his father and his vengeance. However, in The Man in the Iron Mask, loyalties are continually being changed as the characters are match against each other.The characters in the novel are expected to always be loyal to King Louis XIV however, this requirement in the kings subjects conflicts with loyalties between friends, family, and the self-interest of the musketeers. This main theme demonstrates that the search for the revelation of truth comes at the price of either breaking loyalties or staying true to loyalties, and go about death in the process. In Hamlet, there are several different characters that portray loyalty continuously throughout the novel. The main character, Hamlet, shows his loyalty to his father, maturation angry at the fact that he was murdered by his uncle.When his father asks Hamlet to take revenge on Claudius, Hamlet becomes enraged and his willingness to take revenge becomes revealed. Ghost Revenge his foul and most unnatural mu rder. Hamlet Murder? Ghost Murder most foul, as in the best(p) it is But this most foul strange and unnatural. Hamlet Haste me to knowt, that I, with wings as swift, As meditation or the thoughts of love, May dangle to my revenge. (Shakespeare pg. 29 Act I, Scene 5). Hamlet stays loyal to his fathers memory through the whole novel, seeking revenge on Claudius until he is able to kill him, accomplishing this task as he dies on base Claudius.Loyalty is besides shown by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, courtiers and former friends of Hamlet from Wittenberg. They are summoned by the new king, Claudius, to discover the cause of Hamlets strange, negative and ghoulish behaviour. Their loyalty to the king causes them to lose Hamlets friendship and respect. As Hamlet discovers this, he arranges their death, making them pay for their betrayal to him with their lives. Loyalty is also shown in Act I, when Horatio, Marcellus and Bernardo reveal to Hamlet what they see of ghost of his father. T hey also swear to keep silent about the event, which remains kept cryptic throughout the novel.Again, Horatio shows loyalty to Hamlet as he watches the reaction of the king during the play Mouse Trap performed by the players. He later tells Hamlet about the facial reactions of the king as he watched the performer kill the fake king, revealing his guilt in the murder of Hamlets father. However, in The Man in the Iron Mask, loyalties change continuously, most notably demonstrated in the ending of the famous friendship of the three musketeers. The broken loyalties within the earth break the trust of all characters through scandals and lies. For xample, the queen gives her loyalty to Philippe but sacrifices Philippe for her governmental stableness. Also, Aramis demonstrates betrayal in his disloyalty to the new prince Philippe. At the beginning of the novel, Aramis praises Philippe through his love, respect and service however, he leaves Philippe to fend for himself without a backwar d glance. Aramis chooses his career advancement over his friendships and loyalties. This is revealed to us by his discourse of Porthos and Philippe, when he suggests Porthos be killed to preserve the secret of Philippe.Another example of disloyalty is when Aramis, one of the main three musketeers shows true and loyal feelings to Philippe, but chooses political stability gain over faithfulness to Philippe. A friends word is the truth itself. If I think of touching, even with one finger, the son of Anne of Austria, the true King of this legitimatem of France if I have not the firm object of prostrating myself before his throne if, according to my wishes, to-morrow here at Vaux will not be the most glorious day my King ever enjoyed, whitethorn Heavens lightning blast me where I stand Aramis had pronounced these course with his face turned towards the alcove of his bedroom, where dArtagnan, seated with his back towards the alcove, could not suspect that any one was lying concealed. The earnestness of his words, the studied retardation with which he pronounced them, the solemnity of his oath, gave the Musketeer the most complete satisfaction. (Alexandre Dumas, chapter 14. pg. 104) Later on in the novel it is clear that Aramis no longer feels any real loyalty to Prince Philippe. Warn the Prince, and then- do what? Take him with me?Carry this accusing witness about with me everywhere? War, too, would follow,- civil war, implacable in its nature And without any resource- alas, it is impossible What will he do without me? Without me he will be utterly destroyed Yet who knows? let destiny be finish Condemned he was, let him remain so, then (Dumas, chapter 21 pg. 231) By the end of the novel, King Louis XIV has obtained absolute power, where his word is law, accepting no unlikeness to what he says. Aramis desires to have influence and power alongside of King Louis XIV. Soldier, priest, and diplomatist gallant, greedy, and cunning Aramis took the good things in t his life as steppingstones to rise to good-for-nothing ones. Generous in mind, if not noble in heart, he never did ill but for the sake of shining a little more brilliantly. (Alexandre Dumas chapter 6. pg. 34). In order to live and have power, loyalty needed to be kept to the king. Philippes friends chose loyalty to Philippe and they were killed as a result. In the end, after the death of his friends, Aramis retreats to a Spanish estate in his glorious riches.The butt, however, wants the kingdom to succeed and she sees that the only way to do so is to listen to the people. The people beg for food and help from the king. However, King Louis XIV shows no mercy towards his people and is only interested in personal pleasure. For the sake of the country, Anne of Austria, the Queen and mother of Philippe, chooses to help her son, but as her power begins to decline she sacrifices Philippe for her political stability. In Hamlet and The Man in the Iron Mask loyalty is portrayed different ly. Both stories show that being loyal exacts a risque price.The death of all those who are loyal in these stories is an example of the graduate(prenominal) price that must be paid. In Hamlet, loyalty is continuous throughout the play, but in The Man in the Iron Mask, there is no loyalty when power begins to corrupt the characters. Therefore, all these examples show that the portrayals of the themes of loyalty in Hamlet and The Man in the Iron Mask are very different. In Hamlet, the truth is found through the loyal bonds of Horatio as he tells the story of the death of the true king. In The Man in the Iron Mask the truth of Philippe is revealed to the kingdom through the courageous acts of the three musketeers.