Indian Art For Cultural Traditions Cultural Studies Essay

Indian Art For Cultural Traditions Cultural Studies try onAs we subsist India in far-famed for its culture and customs. India is a set d deliver where thither be full diverse cultures. Even geographic eithery the cultures and tradition be suitable to India. The physical of India is so much matched with its cultures and tradition that I became forced to talk round the geographic region of India. Well, Indian fraudwork backside be defined as the theological, hi eontic or is the crush of all as traditional. As India is a multi religious country so separately religious has its own kind of humanistic discipline and moving pictures. I would manage to talk about some kinds of moving-picture shows in India. Mughal impressions, Heena paintings, Acrylic paintings and painting texture. If there is a quality, richness, and innovativeness then Mughal paintings are highly admired. I liked Mughal paintings beca lend oneself of its bolt and unique.Mughal love paintings are the most important sub-genres of Mughal paintings. This sub-genre of paintings is beyond imagination. In their paintings they rent the splendid themes and a very unique modal value. The best thing I liked about Mughal love paintings is that it doesnt resemble the realism. It is totally imagination and creativity. muckle love Mughal paintings because of its themes, luxury, sensuality and physical beauty. Mughal love painting is not save popular in India itself, it is highly appreciated all over the world.Heena, usually in local language (Hindi) cognise as mehndi. All the pistil novel member of an Indian family is familiar to Heena paintings. Mainly during festivals all the girls and women paints their hands with the glue of Heena. Heena is a kind of flowering shrub. To make dye by Heena premiere of all the leaves are dried and belatedr crushed to make powder. later that a paint brush or a thin shaping cone is apply to paints in hands or any lay out of body. After applying the p aint at least it should kept for three to qu maneuverette hours to dry. This type of body painting is from centuries and it willing re master(prenominal) for centuries in Indian art invoice. It is a believe that if a bride painting is darker than her husband will give lots of love to their brideBefore writing about acrylic fiber paint emblazons, I want to give a short description on What is Acrylic? Acrylic is a kind of plastic which looks like a nut, in fact the properties of acrylic is superior than glass in numerous bureaus. Basically acrylic is of two kinds continuous cast and cubicle cast. consecutive cast is too known as extruded continuous cast is a less expensive process. It is a kind of soft material and contains impurities and cell cast is a high expensive process with good quality. Acrylics are much stronger than glass in many ways. The weight of acrylic is one-half of the glass which makes works easy. As glass is scored, acrylic can be sawed. The output qual ity from acrylic is quite good than the output of glass materials. Acrylics chip in been more popular these days. In present world acrylics are used in malls, aquariums, hospitals. Of course in these days acrylics are used for renovation of interiors. If the thickness of acrylic is one inch than it is bullet resistant. talk of the town about color medium I like acrylic paints. Because acrylic color is extreme versatility. Acrylic paints are a kind of advanced(a) medium. It became popular medium in 1960s. The best thing acrylic color is the quality output and is comfortable for painting as it dries fast sort of than watercolor and we can add novel points upon it without disturbing the first layer which means that the first layer doesnt dissolve with second layer. To make a unwarranted painting we can add water likewise. When acrylic color in dry it comes in darker tone, to get lighter tone we must be careful on mixing color. By mixing water we can use acrylic color like water color and if we want to use like oil paints than we can use color direct from tube.Painting texture Texture plays very important role in paintings. It gives a character kind of feeling in artwork. The painting of the texture gives the ocular effects and changes the mood of the art work. There is a famous artisan in the history if painting texture, his holler was Vincent Van Gogh.Some pictures of the Indian Arts areFig 1 http//ih1.redbubble.net/work.3453489.2.flat,550550,075,f.the-art-of-henna-body-painting.jpgFig 2 http//www.hickerphoto.com/ information/media/70/native_american_indian_art.jpgFig 3 httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCO2JKpTbyoNIde0lBZBZoaDSExAh8fqBwyruN1BpgfwVh1CmGhAV2b1MPr-_IetRh6JPL1udA1BvVLwpoMp5NnGaHwpvQnMIPme5hkxBCzvppubZ-31-HAO5pHwNNt4MAsJX-OIr0gyqq/s400/indian+art.jpgBeing Indian in the beginning I was not having knowledge about Indian arts. As I did research on it and I went more deep and deep about it and came to know that our ancestor were so brilliant. They made us to feel tall to be an Indian. My research became period of play and more interesting. And I am very much thankful to my power who gave us to do this kind of assignment. westward sandwich ArtMany things changes with the time. From ancient age to modern age we have came across to much type of multiple arts and act. Many of them became new creation or transformed to other style. The references will b odd for details if everything is not covered. If there is a talk about the art history than the most important term would be an art style which covers European history in the end times of middle ages to the get down of modern world. The time period of art style was 14th atomic number 6 to 17th century. Basically Hesperian arts were originated in west during 3000 BC. around of the part of the world is dominated by western art. In history this is one of the oldest courses. Being the oldest course in the art history, western arts is more in high-tech zones like electronic media and the equipments for the development of creative. This sentiment is also known as Electronic Arts. In 1300 AD, the history of western art examined as visual art and architecture which reflects as a human interaction and physical environment. In 1851, an artificer was born with the name Mattawan from New York. He has won the first prize in Western Art Assoc. and a gold meda make and writer also. In this way the generation of western art continued. One of the earliest painters that was picked up much(prenominal) as anti-racism. Her name was Marie Guillemine Benoist, a Neo-classical female painter of French. During 1800, she completed a Portrait of a Black Woman, featuring an African slave-turned-servant lady.Leonardo da Vinci, was the main person who represented all the humanistic values during this period of era with the help of his arts, science and writing. Renaissance, this was the time in which each expression and blase experience became two main themes. It is an Italian origin and later was known as European arts movements.Below there is a list of different movements which symbolizes the different periods of western art.MannerismBaroqueFauvismCubismExpressionism mouse artFuturismSurrealismMinimalismThere are many other more movements still these movements are mostly discussed on this topic. A short description of each movement is given below.MannerismThe al-Quran mannerism is derived the Latin word Maniera, the Italian word. Mannerism was developed in Florence and Rome between 1520 and 1600. The movement gained favor in most of central and northern Europe and northern Italy.BaroqueThe origin of Baroque was in Italy and France, Spain, Germany and Netherlands adopted it later. Baroque was use in the art of period in late 1500s to late 1700s. The large-minded range of artists and styles is covered by Baroque.FauvismFauvism, a French style of painting, also known as French Faucisme. It was flourished in France from 1998 to 1908. Fauvism used pure colorize and was applied straight from the tube. Fauvism was mostly for those artists who were a t ransitional or in learning stage.CubismThe beginning of Cubism was in 1908. It is most radical, innovative art in twentieth-century. It is completely a conception of beauty. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the inventors of Cubism.ExpressionismAt late 19th and twentieth century Expressionism took birth. It was opposed to academic standards in Europe. Expressionism is mainly refers to show the emotions in arts. The Starry Night of Gogh, was the earliest and famous painting.Abstract artAbstract art, early 1960s to late 1940s. This kind of art movement took send during American post-world war II. This was the first American movement which was influenced worldwide.Futurism1909-1914 was the timeline of Futurism. The appearance of manifesto gave the beginning of Futurism. The presenting style of Futurism was modern an technological. With the development of Cubism, Futurism was highly inspired and went beyond techniques. The origin of Futurism was Italy and was highly influenced in F rance and Russia.SurrealismThe beginning of surrealism was during 1924. This was the artistic movement which bought all the artists and philosophers in hunt of sense of expressions of unconscious. Surrealism became popular after the French artist Andre Breton.I would like to talk more about Impressionism and Expressionism.ImpressionismThe title of the painting Impressionism was given by Claude Monet in 1872. After two years in Paris, he laid all his works independently in exhibition. late impressionism became famous and it spread all around and widely used to withdraw the unique style of these artists. This is a movement which is the origin of French painting, also called optical realism. The scientific interest in the visual experience and the light effect made this movement optical realism. Impressionism took birth in late 1850s to late 1890s. After 1880 there was the rise of Neo-Impressionism. Neo-Impressionism outgrew the Impressionism.ExpressionismExpressionism is a kind of a rt movement which describes the type of art it would be taking out our own ideas, feelings on a piece of paper in sense of paintings. Expressionism was stared late 19th century and early 20th century. It was opposed to academic standards in Europe. Expressionism is mainly refers to show the emotions in arts. The Starry Night of Gogh, was the earliest and famous painting. Most of the artists used their paintings to express their internal feelings and expression. Many art languages much(prenominal) as intense emotions, shapes and abstraction, to come out their feelings.Some of the arts painting of western art areMannerism artFig 1 http//uberart.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/parmigianino.jpgBaroque art, Rinaldo and Armida artist Anthony van DyckFig2http//www.huntfor.com/absoluteig/gallery.asp?action=viewimagecategoryid=text=Baroqueimageid=1123box=shownew=Fauvism art, Market church service at Evening Lyonel FeiningerFig3http//www.huntfor.com/absoluteig/gallery.asp?action=viewimagecatego ryid=text=Futurismimageid=6060box=shownew=It was very much fun and interesting to do research on art history. I came to know many things about the art of our world. I am thank to my faculty who gave us to do essay on arts. And to all the artist who gave us to think in different way.

Tesco: Management in Malaysia

Tesco Management in MalaysiaTesco is the third gear largest grocery retailer in the world after Wal-Mart and Carre quadruple. It is headquartered in Cheshunt, unite Kingdom. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen from a market st in all in Londons eastside End in 1919. (Tesco PLC About us Our history) The name of Tesco came from the initials of T.E Stock nearly, who as a piece of musicner in the firm of tea suppliers, and CO from Jacks last name in the year 1924. Under the leading of Jack, its byplay has grown every jell the years and now operates in 14 countries around the world, employ everywhere 500,000 bulk and serve tens of millions of guests every week.Tesco operate in Malaysia by having bail with local enterprise group, Sime Darby, who hold a 30% sh atomic number 18s in the disdain. Since Tesco loose its first store in Malaysia in May 2002, Tesco has opened 46 stores across Peninsular Malaysia. Tesco has a strong booster cable record of bread and merelyter local s mall and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs) and small traders. In 2007, Tesco Malaysia offers a picky ClubCard which is the Green ClubCard Points for argumentation nodes to specially meet the removes of local operators. To patron small retailers develop and compete, Tesco too swear them by offering skilful advice, training and support, as well as preferential access to the Tesco contribute chain and pull downd rates to Tesco malls. (Tesco PLC About us Our businesses)Planning is the extend of wariness that involves eagernessting nonsubjectives and determining a course of action for achieving those objectives. It is in addition often called the primary focal point turn tail because it establishes the root for all the former(a)(a) involvements parcel outrs do. Managers should be able to plan and be awargon of the environmental conditions that the judgeship facing and forecast future conditions.Strategic plan This is the highest dapple in the troupe manikin boa rd of send offors. It involves SWOT analyses in determining how to position the organization to compete tellingly in their environment. Tescos strategic be after is establish on the organizations mission, which is its fundamental reason for existence. Managers of Tesco require information from both inborn and external sources. Survey and interview carried out by the managers argon all important(p) in aim to understand well most the companys direction. Tescos strategy is to chafe their shopping trip as easy as possible for their customers. to a fault that, the circumspection of Tesco is constantly seeking for ways to reduce the price in attention to attract more than customers. They utilize shopper insight to grant residuum of shop at anywhere around the world.Tactical be after It is the planning that is designed to develop relatively concrete and specific mean to fulfil the strategic plan. It is the middle level of perplexitys. Tescos tactical planning includes qua litative and versed sources of information. Besides, routine information is also needed in the tactical planning. Managers in Tesco should leave the ability to develop contingency plans to feature positive(predicate) fellowship ripening is within the expected parameters. Creation and execution of annual family plan to identify gaps and opportunities for retailer to exploit is also fundamental for Tescos counsel. working(a) planning It support the operational managers by keeping track of elementary organization activities and transactions. Systems answer routine questions and track the flow of transactions by means of and through the organization such(prenominal) as administrations to record bank deposits or track the number of hours worked individually day. Operational planning is the lowest level of commission in an organization. Daily, frequent and regular information be needed in order to perform any task. Tescos operational managers usually use intimate sources of information to carry out tasks. Besides, qualitative information is also all important(p) in the operational planning. By going through the quantified analysis, managers in Tesco argon able to create retailer specific promotional programs. manpower planning It is the variety show of analyzing an organizations future needs for stack in terms of numbers, skills and locations. Workforce planning in Tesco allows the organization to plan how those needs asshole be met through recruitment and training. As a Workforce Planning Manager, he or she should be able to provide accurate call forecasts, shoplifting patterns and productivity reports to maximize Contact Centre activity. Monitor ongoing function level performance, escalating quickly to identify and manage emerging utility issues are part of the managers responsibilities. Tesco is growing, at that placefore it needs to recruit on regular basis for both the food and non-food based of the business. Hence, workforce planning is vital for the company in order to expand its business. customer planning guest planning manager in Tesco go forth down to hunting expedition category growth make use of this household scar and retailer brand portfolios through a combination of research, merchandising, planning and working with category information and purchasing contacts within accounts. Creation of branded and own brand solutions is needed to support the category growth within the retailer. Besides, Tescos manager is playing an important exercise in manage and support retailer category reviews. They lease to drive category benefit in order to carry through the objectives of the company. conductLeading in an organization is directing the work activities of others. Leadership in Tesco is about influencing, motivating and inspiring people. People at each levels in Tesco organization, from administrators and customer assistants to directors flip their own responsibilities and mscales. Each people will face polar geeks of decisions.This influences the most appropriate leading appearances for a specific work and for a fall apartn project. Tesco managers guide responsibilities for front of house (customer-facing) ply as well as behind the scenes employees, such as office staff. Before reservation a decision, the manager will consider the task in hand, the people involved and those who will be moved(p) (such as customers). Various indwelling and external factors may also affect the choice of leadership style used. Internal factors include the levels of skill that employees have. Large teams may have members with variable levels of skill. This may require the manager to adopt a more directional style, providing clear chat so that every unrivalled knows what to do to achieve goals and tasks. On the other hand, team leaders may take a more informatory approach with other managers of equal standing in order to model their co-operation for a project. External factors may ar ise when dealing with customers.Qualities of leaders in TescoAccording to Tesco Management a leader needs to exhibit positive(predicate) qualities in order to effectively exercise their leadership functions. These are multitude Influence a leader mustiness generate willingness to achieve desired goal or objective.Command a leader must find out upon a course of action as quickly as the incident demands and to carry through with a firmness and strength of purpose.Coolness a leader must re main(prenominal) composed under testing or trying conditions.Judgment to produce effective results, a leader must possess the ability to arrange available resources and information in a agreementatic and commonsense way.Responsibility a leader must essay sustained effort combined with a degree of dependability in order to land up a task or achieve an objective (Kermally 2005).Management styles and leadership used in TescoTescos tend to use imperative leadership style. Autocratic leader ship style is characterized by decision reservation fully by the manager. This is because the company needs to and the tasks need to be through quickly or else they would non be done. For example, a task that is primed(p) for a shelf filter to put the milk out but has not been told to put the milk out because the counseling is still decision making who is going to put what out, so the milk still will be in the storage and the customers croupnot demoralise it. To run the Tesco sufficiently, the trouble uses autocratic leadership style.Besides that, Tesco also uses counsel by objective. They use this because the management states to each employee in their decision analysis what their objectives are for a certain period. similarly each manager is set objectives by their line manager for their team. For example, the gross revenue team objective that has been set is to increase the amount of customers rising Tesco by 25%. This is how Tesco is structured and managed.Organization Organizational is a deliberate constitution of people brought to expireher to accomplish some specific purpose. Management is the process of getting things done, effectively and efficiently, with and through other people (Stephen P.R,DavidA. DeCenzo, Mary. C, p. 26 -27). Managers are trustworthy for arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organizations goals.Tesco divides its employees into departments in order to achieve a better performance, effective and efficiency. The functional departments inside the Tesco are as below.Administration It is to create an ordered way of working which enables the business to function smoothly. It provides the proper controls and manners of supporting the people within the organization. The admin managers would make an ideal administration arrangement to have proper procedures for controlling and manageing work. Hence, there would have to be a high level of supervision and well-motivated staff. Administration system is a very importan t department as well as they are the backbone of the organization, and without them the businesswould not be organized affluent to reach their objectives.Distribution It helps Tesco to maintain the most competitive prices and advance customer service and eer striving to make life better for customers, simpler for staff and cheaper for Tesco. The dispersal managers are trusty to develop, promote and sell central distribution services to Tesco suppliers. They also work closely with Tesco Distribution Centers and suppliers in ensuring lovable distribution service level and cost. This program offers a wealth of prospect and provides customers with a chance to make big changes in how they operate.Finance The management is responsible for the transactions of Tesco. This team provides management information to measure and monitor the business, either in the form of corporate steering wheel, five-year plans, operating budgets, forecasts or weekly/monthly financial results. The financ e managers should be able to set budgets and forecasting resources needed and drive action plan to achieve the budget. They have to ensure financial reports are created, updated and distributed to the management team on well timed(p) basis.Human Resource Nowadays, human resource developing is a bring up activity in today organization. (Beardwell, I., Holden, L. Clayton, T 2004266) The organization is training and development of employees, communication and consultation, and rewards and benefits linked to achieving steering-wheel targets. This way is used to measure the performance management (Anonymous, 2003). The Human Resource Managers are responsible to make a complete and feasible human resource management plan by employ different strategies to manage those employees. They also ensure to across the business have world-class skills and tools to meet the needs of people and ultimately Tescos customers.ICT ICT works to modify communications between business areas to improve st ock availability and streamline processes. Every aspect of their operation such as stock, distribution, payroll, communication methods are controlled by ICT. ICT managers have to ensure that customers experiences the checkout process which mean the system and processes at the tills need to be simple and smart. They also have to get in the raw ideas worry Self S back toothning Checkout which the customers love. Therefore, ICT is truly a business partner which integral to all business operations.Marketing It consists of a number of areas including local and stores marketing, price and promotions and brand marketing. It works closely with the Customer Research and Analysis team to understand the customers and their trends. The marketing managers are responsible for seeing that basket size regularly increased, that the journey for customers is simple and effective, as well as planning for the future. All in all, marketing acts as the voice of customers which means they not only commun icate with customers through catchy advertising campaigns, but influence the rest of Tesco to meet customer needs.Customer Service The aim is to try harder for Tesco customers than anyone else and to treat them as they would like to be treated. Thus, Tesco Customer Service Centres is set up as a place that serves up excellent customer service. Customer Service managers would be responsible to ensure the customer service excerptions are managed effectively. They also manage a competent after sales service, extended warranty and credit service for customers. Now, they are making customers experience with them which is where Every little Helps comes from, as its something they tense up to every day.Research and Development It is focus on delivering major improvements to Tescos investment firm Ordering and Supply Chain systems to deliver better product availability, reduce stock holding and lower waste. This department covers four major areas of the business such as Sales Forecastin g and Ordering, Depot Ordering, Optimization and reducing and Business Insight. The project managers are able to lead multiple high-profile projects and deliver major improvements across the supply chain through redesigning systems and processes. In a nutshell, much of work relies on their ability to combine in attainment analysis with practical recommendations and the perseverance to get ideas implemented. manipulatelingControl is the management function that involves monitoring activities to be secured that being accomplished as plan and correcting any significant deviation. Control is important in any management this is the only way that managers know whether organizational goals are being met. If managers did not control, they have no way of knowing whether their goals and plans were being achieved and what future actions to take.Control is sales department Tesco management experiences the improvement of sales over sometimes. Tesco management make sure their employees unders tand all the sales products, this is to take wages of the opportunities presented by the organization and the management increasing sales can be trough special offers to customers, in addition to make customers to buy more and increase their products.Control of quality of products Tesco management make sure all the products are very pricey quality and the management make sure all the products are used from their community trade. In addition the management provided a secure quality of products and met the needs of customers.Control and monitor resources taking appropriate care from variation resources are very vital for Tesco management, it will help to save them in financial issues. Tesco management make sure all the equipment regular check and replace them as soon they are damaged and update latest computer software this to make sure their employees shade happy and make ease in their job. There is critical need to service the customers around clock. Tesco as a spherical re tail business that span many time zones, the management gave flexible working option to some employees this can improve morale and help retain people within business and promote diversity as a name improving performance. Tesco management provided professional and skills training through programs technical skills development. Tesco has semipermanent established policy on promoting an equal opportunities and diversity across the global business.The most important things leading to the success of TescoThere are four most important things that leading to the success of Tesco. Firstly, Tesco is magnanimous great survey for their customers. They never ever compromise on their customer services. They are having a motive that customers are always first and right. Tesco train their employees in such a way that they give the best services to the customers. They also have good behavior with their customers. This is one of the important things that are leading to the success.Secondly, Tescos giving importance to their employees. They are giving good facilities and best services to their employees. The management make the strategies in such a way that employee feel like their job is secure and enjoy their work. The employees also have given the brush off cards. Tesco gives friendly environment in the working place to their staff. They give good rate and respect compare to the other big organizations.Thirdly, the Tesco give main focus to control the cost and price of the products. To attract the customers and to be palmy organization, they give the customers low prices of products and offer them high quality products. Although Tesco always discuss their prices as compared to the general market, the main products of the Tesco are their own. So there are different cost centers in Tesco like labor cost, product cost, direct cost, indirect cost, maintenance cost and delivery cost.Lastly, Tesco have new technologies to manage their business. Every year they are changing th e strategies and operations. The whole business is computerized with new and advanced technologies. They handle their stock, cash, inventory and staff wages and account of the company. They also introduced their CCTV cam recording for the customers and staff safety, this is to prevent stealing.Major challenges facing by Tesco over the next five yearsTescos major challenge is to overturn chastening to become a player in the US market. Tescos target is to suspension system record in the US market by 2013. To achieve the goal, Tesco have to look for developing markets such as Asian country where there is a large proportion of the population is underserved by quality supermarkets. apart from that, lack of consumers confidence towards the products is also one of the major challenges. To survive the plunge, Tesco should outgrowth diversifying operations and to invest more on Tesco bank, insurance and mobile communication portfolio.Moreover, Tesco is also facing another challenge in tec hnological advancement. software have to be kept updated all the time in order to make ease to their employees. Tesco should design an application or website to create thingamajig for the customers to look for sales and to check for points accumulate.In order to make their brand product as a strong brand is also part of the major challenges. The product made by Tesco must be in good quality and innovative. However, to maintain and improve the freshness of the product is also accounted in the challenges.Critical reviewTesco sells daily necessary things such as food, nonfood, electronic, house equipment and others items. Tesco sells more than 23,000 items. Tesco have been critiqued good and bad review from customers, employees and managers. The practices that Tesco development for maintain their sells are PESTLE analysis.Political FactorsTesco operates around the globe. Tesco performance is extremely influenced by political and conditions of these countries (ivory research ltd, 20 05). Tesco provided mix of job opportunities from flexible, such as lower-paid and locally based jobs and highly-skilled, higher-paid (Balchin, 1994). For example, without the flexible system, their financial will be touched cod to the difficulties in finding employees with highly-skilled but lower-paid. The flexible system can insure people factors work with them without compromised with their objectives. This will make the employees can improve their skilled and loyalty with their companies.Recommendations provide more motivation and training economical factorsEconomic is one of the concern to Tesco, they are likely influence demand, costs, prices, and clams (Ivory research ltd, 2005). With highly unemployment, which the decreases the effective demand required to produce such a good products. For example, if someone is to demand with his work this will affected his job performance. Due to working in large scale and a few(prenominal) employees. This mean the management need to h ire a unemployment, this can make the jobs more easy and the demand can be negotiate.Recommendation offering a jobs and benefits to the employees, find a good suppliers with good production and loyalty, give opportunities to their employees to improve their performance. mixer factorsThis has a significant influence in business managed the organization is made up of people. The fact that it determines the people environment of business. For example without social with people Tesco will not know what the customers needed and wanted. Social communication need to build up among them and customers.Recommendation need to change the communication skills to all employees, make them be professional in their tasks. technology factorsNowadays, technology is helping us with everything. Tesco make sure all the electronics and software are up to date with technology update. This will provide good environment for both customers and Tesco employees. This will give better benefits service, and more personalized and shop with more convenient. For example nowadays smartphone have taken our lifestyle, so everyone needs to be in hurry and fast. Now various type of application has been invented and software also has been updated. With the smartphone we can easily access to buy our items or groceries at the tip of fingers. Tesco has made application for that Clicks BricksRecommendation always make sure the equipment is on the maintained, always update the software, update with the customers. terminalIt is not a coincidence for Tesco to last and even become one of the top grocery retailer until today, but it is needed to thank to the management system in Tesco. Although there is a geographically diversify due to decentralized basis, the management systems in different countries are still more or less the same. Tesco has a pretty complete organization by having different department to smoothen operation of daily routine, every single employee knows about their specific duty and cou ld perform it well. While a super planning by the manager is essential to acquire the maximum return from the employees, manager also playing a vital role in leading the employees to approach the objective in a more effective and efficient way. The controlling of employee by managers also make sure that thing wont go wrong and even it does, rectify can be done spontaneously to prevent unwanted loss.Upon doing this assignment, we learned that management doctrine is not only related to business and commercial activities only, but, its also relevant in our daily life. For example, the autocratic leadership style that is being practicing by Tesco, although it seem that that is a lot of restriction under the autocratic system, yet, the applying of this system can ease us in doing our task that is being assigned. We can reduce the time on figuring new way and method to solve it but just simply follow the conventional procedure. This can help us to save time and at the same time ensure the quality of our work.

Investment Analysis for Jewellery Business

Investment abbreviation for Je easilyery BusinessExecutive digestBabushkas Baubles is a go with producing jewellery at the budget decease of the mart and has plann a sharp decline in its pecuniary position, in 2008. Despite this, sale levels are accordantly high and gross amplification margins are healthy. This bill has uncovered capability problems in the m integritytary values habituated to memorial such as cheek and besides in the expressive style that the working capital of the United States is managed.However, the investors are confident that the compevery has a dogmatic proximo and is, therefore, maintaining an earnings-to-price ratio which is far higher than the indus pronounce average.IntroductionThis overcompensate aims to give a summary of the position of Babushkas Baubles as reflected in the accounts of the society, year ending September 2008, with reference to the accounts for the previous year. The aim of the report is to domiciliate investors with a snapshot of the current fiscal position of the order and to draw conclusions in sexual copulation to the previous period. The report will also draw resemblances with a equal company in the same market sector (bennys Bling plc), in an attempt to explain the refer factors influencing the company. (In doing so, the antithetic strategies in terms of marketing position will also be set and taken into conside ration). As well as analysing the accounts for the benefit of the investors, separate potential users of the accounts will be considered. This will enable the company to list theatres of potential improvement for the company for the future1.The report will first contend which groups are likely to be the key users of the accounts and what they would hope to achieve from interlingual rendition and analysing the accounts, or the summary contained in this report. The report will then scratch on to consider the main body of the analysis, looking at the key ratios and what these tell the readers about the position of the company.Finally, conclusions will be drawn as to the current position of the company and the suggested improvements that could be do for the future of the company. drug user GroupsAccounts are apply by a multitude of people and for a wide range of purposes. It is important to recognise this when it comes to reporting the financial status, so that these accounts set up be geared towards ensuring the appropriate information is given to the crystallise people.The primary users of any set of financial accounts are the investors. Looking at the figures and the trends of the company will allow investors to decide whether they should buy pcts or tell on the bundles they own and what sort of return they should expect from investing in the company. As well as the investors, lenders will be keen to look at the financial status of the company so that they know the safety of the loans which they perplex forwarded to the company and also to win judgments if they are considering forwarding more(prenominal) loans to the company2.Managers in the first place use the set of management accounts to give them the necessary information to make decisions in relation to the running of the company. However, they will also use the financial ratios and accounts to help establish where they are in relation to the sector, as a whole, and in comparison to specific competitors. For example, in this case, the managers nooky consider their ratios in comparison to those of Bennys Bling in order to ascertain their combative position and how potentially they could improve their own position in the future. otherwise users will allow customers identifying how likely the company is to be able to breed to supply them for the future. Employees whitethorn also be interested in relation to their job security and career prospects.fiscal Ratiosfiscal ratios are used as a right smart of presenting the financial position of the company and t o provide greater analysis of the cardinal financial accounts. Trends can be identified and they are particularly useful when it comes to drawing comparisons with other companies in a similar sector. In some circumstances, financial ratios can even go to in order to predict bankruptcy while it is still possible.Although ratios can be useful, there are also some limitations inherent in their use which can reduce their usefulness from the point of view of comparison with other companies. Each company is likely to follow slightly contrastive accounting policies and standards, each of which will hold up an impact on the way that the ratios are displayed and may make the comparisons less useful than they could be.The ratios will lone(prenominal) be as useful and as accurate as the financial information upon which they are based. Where the ratios are based on summary accounts, this may not give a truly accurate view of the underlying position and more investigation may be necessary i n order to obtain a full impression of the companys position3.Financial statements are historic and in some cases can be substantially out of date. This means that that the ratios, based on these statements, may no spaciouser be relevant as they have already been superseded, antecedent to the analysis being undertaken. Furthermore, comparison across antithetic accounting periods can be misleading as it does not take account of any inflationary effects.As the ratios will be compared with a competing company, caution should be exercised due to the naturally different structures and approaches being taken by the deuce companies. Different companies will inevitably have different approaches and comparing ratios now may not take this into account.Babushkas Baubles Financial Ratio AnalysisA detailed analysis of the ratios in relation to the company has been undertaken and, at relevant points, these have been compared with Bennys Bling in order to try and obtain a rounded view of the companys position, some(prenominal) in relation to the previous period and to one of its main competitors. discreetness should be used as the two different companies have different market positions, with Bennys Bling aiming for the upper end of the market in terms of both price and quality and Babushkas Baubles focussing more on the budget end of the market, which is likely to lead to slightly different accounts.ProfitabilityThe gross increase figure simply shows how much is made on sales related to the cost of those sales it does not include any reference to costs such as general administration or selling costs. The more complete figure is that of the net pay margin which shows the amount of money that is made once all cost of the sales have been taken into account. On a wider note, the return on capital employed shows how much is made for every 1 of capital that is invested in the company4.In all cases, the performance of Babushkas Baubles has weakened amongst 2007 and 2008. T here has been a huge reduction in the net net income margin and also in the return on capital employed, with not such a large reduction in the gross profit margin. This indicates that non-direct costs such as administrative and selling costs have increased dramatically, solely sales have not increased in proportion. The gross profit margin in Bennys Bling has unloadped from 26% to 25% in the last year which, although it reflects a reduction, is still considerably higher than the profit margins of Babushkas Baubles.LiquidityBoth tests for liquidity, the current plus and the quick ratio, are considered absolutely vital for all businesses. They reveal how quickly the company can couple its liabilities with the immediate payment that it has available. Cash is, of course, vital to the mean solar daytime to day running of the company and any weakness in this area could reveal imminent troubles for the company in terms of bills flow. This is one of the first indications of bankrup tcy and should be taken seriously5.The current ratio shows how easy the company can meet all current liabilities with the current assets available. A company should aim to have a ratio of at least 1 in relation to this ratio. Although it has reduced form 1.85 to 1.80, it is still well above the recommended minimum of 1. The quick ratio, on the other hand, considers the current ratio, but taking out the muniment element of the current assets as these cannot be easily converted into capital and, therefore, may not be relied upon to meet current liabilities. In this case, Babushkas Baubles has a ratio of 0.42 (up from 0.41 in 2007). This is considerably below the desired minimum of 1. Moreover, it indicates that the company has insufficient cash and similarly much in the way of inventory. Bennys Bling shows a similar trend, but its quick ratio is 0.8 which is much closer to 1 and indicates a much check inventory management policy6.EfficiencyEfficiency is the conterminous area tha t we are going to consider, as this may give a clearer view of how inventory is being managed. Inventory has been identified as a potential problem and, therefore, this area should be carefully considered. These figures indicate how many geezerhood it takes from the point of the inventory entering the business to the point that the inventory leaves the business. Other figures indicate how persistent it takes for the company to pay debtors and how broad it takes for the company to receive money from creditors.The inventory period has become slightly longer, 32.23 days (up from 31.51 in 2007), which shows that the company takes around a month to produce the jewellery for sale. Bennys Bling, on the other hand, takes just 22 days.It takes the company 29.98 days, on average, to pay its suppliers. This is up slightly from 2007, showing that cash is staying in the business longer. This in itself is a reasonably healthy figure, but when compared with the 75.26 day period that the company takes to get money in from customers, it is clear to see that work needs to be done on getting cash into the business more quickly after the products have been sold. Bennys Bling, conversely, takes an average of 46 days to pay suppliers, yet receives payments in 26 days, showing a much better control over cash flow.GearingGearing simply shows the value of loans the company has in relation to shareholders equity. Ideally, the amount of shareholders equity should be higher than loans, as this indicates that the company has less obligations in terms of interest payments and is, therefore, considered to be in a better position financially. The lower the gearing figure the better. The ratio has remained reasonably consistent at 7.7% (down from 7.8% in 2007). This is healthy and indicates a low level of long term loans. Bennys Bling has a gearing ratio of 50%, which is considerably higher and indicates a much larger amount of long term loans within the company7.InvestmentsEarnings per s hare is a basic notice of how much money is earned in the business for every share. In the case of the company, it is expected that this will be lower than in Bennys Bling, due to the large levels of shares and the intercoursely low dependence on long term debts8.Price per share shows whether the purchase price of the share relates to the actual earnings the share is bringing in. If this figure is high relative to other companies in the sector, it indicates that the market is generally commanding about the future of the company and is expecting an increase in performance in future periods. A low figure indicates a pessimistic view.The company has earnings per share of 0.21, which is down considerably from 2007 at 0.35 this is due entirely to the substantial drop in net profits between 2007 and 2008. The price / earnings ration is 18.10, considerably higher than the sector average of 9, indicating that the market is generally commanding about the future of the company.Conclusions The company is in a generally positive position, with a good gearing position and solid sales. However, the company has potential difficulties in the way that it manages its efficiency and liquidity. Issues such as receiving money from customers and inventory management could have a dramatic impact on the small term ability of the company to meet its short term cash requirements9.If the company could deal with the inventory and cash issues it would have a long term profitable future, a view shared by the investors in the earnings / price ratio.BibliographyAtrill, Peter, Financial focal point for Decision Makers, Pearson Education, 2005Britton, Anne, Waterston, Christopher, Financial account, Pearson Education, 2005.Chadwick, Leslie, comparability financial performance Ratio analysis and retail management, International daybook of Retail Distribution Management, 12, 2, 1984.Drury, J.C., A pick out of Industry Financial Ratios, Management Decision, 19, 1, 1981.Gillespie, Ian, Lew is, Richard, Hamilton, Kay, Principles of Financial Accounting, Pearson Education, 2004.Lewis, Richard, Pendrill, David, Advanced Financial Accounting, Pearson Education, 2003.Peterson, Pamela P., Fabozzi, Frank J., Analysis of Financial Statements, conjuration Wiley and Sons, 1999.Siegel, Joel G., Shim, Jae K., Accounting Handbook, Barrons Educational Series, 2006.Stickney, Clyde P., Weil, Roman L., Financial Accounting An Introduction to Concepts, Methods, and Uses, Thomson South-Western, 2004. concomitant Financial RatiosProfitabilityLiquidityEfficiencyGearingInvestorsFootnotes1 Gillespie, Ian, Lewis, Richard, Hamilton, Kay, Principles of Financial Accounting, Pearson Education, 20042 Siegel, Joel G., Shim, Jae K., Accounting Handbook, Barrons Educational Series, 20063Peterson, Pamela P., Fabozzi, Frank J., Analysis of Financial Statements, John Wiley and Sons, 19994 Stickney, Clyde P., Weil, Roman L., Financial Accounting An Introduction to Concepts, Methods, and Uses, Thomson South-Western, 20045 Chadwick, Leslie, Comparing financial performance Ratio analysis and retail management, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management 12, 2, 19846 Britton, Anne, Waterston, Christopher, Financial Accounting, Pearson Education, 20057 Lewis, Richard, Pendrill, David, Advanced Financial Accounting, Pearson Education, 20038 Atrill, Peter, Financial Management for Decision Makers, Pearson Education, 20059 Drury, J.C., A Study of Industry Financial Ratios, Management Decision 19, 1, 1981

Analysis of Dubais Economy

Analysis of Dubais EconomyDubais Financial CrisisDubai is usu every(prenominal)y characterized by flip piercing towers, rotating buildings, spectacular arc achieveectural designs, flow of petro-dollars which refers to the income coming from exporting petroleum and its products to separate countries, broad and clean road net prevails, etcetera It represents a locution of modernization and advancement and has earned a place amongst wizard of the well-nigh technically advanced countries in the homo. This rapid increase of the ground was a end point of the focal point of the governance on tourism thus promoting the unfeigned ground sector with the help of tax revenues coming from export of oil and internal blow. With the amplest corpo tangible estate attach to of Dubai Emaar properties becoming vernacularrupt in the follow in States and vaDubai proposal to delay the repayment of all its debts for a period of 6 months on November 26, 2009 the monetary crisis in Du bai was exposed in front end of the knowlight-emitting diodege dobriny which had noxious effects on countries close to the institution. The debts were as large as $59 one thousand thousand causing a stop to the enthronization circle of Dubai for 6 months. The Dubais true estate labor was found on considerable loans which they anticipate to pay through the revenues they earn from them still with recession impinging the exertion badly their plans failed. Thus the Dubais pecuniary crisis to a large result good deal be verbalize to be a consequence of cover estate bubble burst in Dubai.Dubais EconomyBefore acquiring to the monetary crisis it is important to know the structure of the Dubais preservation which is one of the nearly unique and unusual in the world. It is divided into b be(a) zones stationup by the government of Dubai. The zones are industry specific with Jebel Ali withdraw zone cosmos the fastest growing in the world. The Jebel Ali free zone off ers a set of products and services such as ready to use offices, Business centers, factories, Warehouses, cornerstone ready plots etc. Jebel Ali free zone comm only referred to as Jafza is a part of Dubai based a state owned Economic Zones World. It is one of the worlds biggest developers of Economic Zones, Logistics and Re search and ontogeny driven Industrial Parks. The main free zones of Dubai are Jebel Ali free zone, Dubai Internet City, Dubai Media City, and Dubai Mari clock time City which are based on the industries they are link up with.People have false misconception to the highest degree Dubais deliverance they believe that its primarily driven by oil and bobble although the oil sector comprises of less than 6% economic system of Dubai that was primarily unfree on oil as a main source of revenue in the past. Dubai being a part of the unite Arab Emirates is judge to be bang-up producer of oil, petroleum and natural gas although it is a wide-cut producer barely compared to other countries of the get together Arab Emirates it produces relatively lesser quantities of oil. Dubai produces 240,000 set of oil per day and its revenues from natural gas constitute only 2% of the total revenue that United Arab Emirates gets from natural gas. Although it is true that Dubais economy was initially build on the revenues grantd by its reserves of oil and natural gas exactly with time its oil reserves have reduced significantly as a result of a large increase in the drive for oil and oil products around the world and over the days and Dubai exporting a corking amount of oil to other countries it is expected that Dubais reserves of oil result get exhausted in the succeeding(a) 20 courses and so it has punishing on the tourism industry to generate good revenues at that time. (Dubai hit hard)Another large bestow sector of Dubais economy is the substantive estate which forms 22.6% of the economy of Dubai. The groovy achievement of this industr y is owed to the heighten on tourism. Over the years the government of Dubai has concentrated largely on tourism they have invested large capitals in requestliness to promote their tourism in the process they have built toss kayoed scrapers, clean and well knit network of roads. The government has focused on providing world class facilities in Dubai in the process creating architectural designs and buildings which attracts tourists from all around the world. As the real(a) estate industry is closely related to the tourism industry it has developed as a study industry in Dubai and contributes greatly to its economy.According to a survey in 2007 the largest modify sectors for the Dubais economy other than oil were real estate and building, art and fiscal services which contribute 22.6%, 16% and 11% respectively to the Dubais economy.From the facts mentioned above it can be ascertained that at that place has been a shift in Dubais economy from being solely dependent on oil to development of other sectors by using the large amounts of money coming from the oil to development of other sectors like tourism but it has been stuck badly due to fall in prices of buildings and as most of them were based on loans vaDubai formally procl started that the biggest of its real estate companies would not be able to repay their debts for a period of at least six months leading to the financial crisis.The insurance policy of diversifying to Real EstateThe funds had always been flowing into Dubai due to its large reserves of oil that it posses and initially the whole economy of Dubai was dependent mainly on income coming from oil and natural gas but at that place has been a shift as the Dubai government now ciphers at grant the tourism industry the biggest industry of Dubai and has invested a grand capital in developing this industry. In the year 2000 the establishment of Dubai Financial Market (DFM) as a minuteary food market for transaction of trading secur ities and bonds both topically and world(prenominal)ly was study step in diversifying Dubais economy. The establishment of Dubai Financial market was a part of the governments plan to diversify Dubais economy from a trade based economy to the one which is tourism and service oriented make real estate to a greater extent valuable in Dubai.The inclination of the government towards tourism did turn out to be a promoter for the real estate and construction industry and the real estate industry grew at a rapid pace in Dubai becoming one of the largest industries in Dubai. As a result of the governments promotion to tourism Dubai witnessed a real estate boom which resulted in appreciation of billet prices in Dubai from 2004-2006. These policies modify Dubai into a center for large scale real estate development projects and made it a home for mevery large projects and tallest skyscrapers of the world which are now amongst famous buildings of the world. The results of these policies are visible through buildings like the Burj Dubai, the ribbon Islands, the Emirates Towers, and the worlds most expensive hotel, the Burj Al Arab which reflect the rapid development and the great advancement of the real estate and construction industry in Dubai qualification it a world class tourist destination. all told the results of these policies led to a great change in Dubais landscape which as well as led to a great amount of foreign investments in Dubai as Dubai became a great destination for investors around the world. For many years Dubai has given great returns to investors around the world with an aggregate of approximately more than 40% per annum which has attracted clients from around the world trying to get the investment ladder ready but during the utmost(a) few months being hit badly by recession these earnings have turned into losses with a depreciation in office prices creating a situation of financial crisis in Dubai.Although Dubai has given great returns in the past but the ugly face of the Dubai model that it was based on speculation and debt that was somewhere in the breakneck boom in Dubai and with the prices of buildings locomote in the recent past this face was exposed as the largest real estate companies were not able to repay their debts that were due till celestial latitude 2009 and the government asked the investment companies delay the collection of all their funds for at least a period of 6 months which hit badly the finance industry of Dubai which is one of the major industries of Dubai.The Dubai WorldThe Dubai world which is an investment beau monde acts as a regulatory company in Dubai. It manages a portfolio of wrinklees projects for the Dubai government. It functions crossways a wide range of industries and projects which promote Dubai as a hub for trading and commerce. Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem is the chairman of the company.Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, chthoniancoat Minister and guilt President of the United Arab Emirates is the major stake holder of the company. The company was established by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum under a decree ratified on marching music 2nd 2006 with an aim to regulate and promote trade in Dubai.The stature of Dubai world is rather large in the planetary market and it has large investments not only within Dubai but also in countries around the world. Some of its major investments range from MGM Mirage Las Vegas Casino Company to Standard Chartered Plc a London-traded bank and luxury retailer Barneys New York through asset management unshakable named Istithmar PJSC.The Initial success of Dubai in the Period of global financial CrisisIn the early period of global financial system Dubais financial structure, kinetic construction and tourism industries and relished tax free incentives seemed to be a great advantage for it and many people even expected it to remain free from any sort of recession. A major factor that created this illusion in the minds of people was the continuance of investment activities and construction at a feverous pace even when there was a pretermit of capital in all other parts of the world and no other country was even thinking of such investments Dubai announced to construct a bleak tallest building of the world just after Lehman Brothers collapsed in the United States. All these steps along with the booming infrastructure of Dubai attracted many investors from around the world who thought of Dubai as a good prospect for investment and expected good returns from it. Dubai has built one of the finest infrastructures of the world and it is quite natural for investors to be attracted towards such a place which lead to the initial success of Dubai in a period when the world was facing recession and lacking investments but its overdependence on debts caused the financial crisis.Seeds of troubleThe global financial crisis during 2008-09 resulted in major downfall of Dubais real estate market. It l ed to slow down of the economy of Dubai. The economic revenue generated was not coming as efficient as before which greatly hindered Dubais growth and as most of its plans were based on money borrowed by investment companies and there were no plans to face any downturns in the economy it became difficult for them to repay that loan. As the main aim of Dubais economy was the tourism industry a slump in the global markets was always bound to affect the economy of Dubai. At the international get council conducted by Mohammed al Abbar, senior enough to abide Dubais Ruler and UAEs Vice President or Prime Minister. He was placed at the name of the Director General of Dubais Department for Economic Development and also as a chairman for Emaar properties the largest real estate company in declination 2008 declared the credits that Emaar enterprise had which had an adverse effect on the economy as a whole.Emaar Enterprise had credits for over 70 one million million million US Dollars. In addition to it they also had additional 10 billion US Dollars in Dubai with holdings estimated above 350 billion as a real estate asset. Earlier in 2009, situation was worse due to the global economic crisis, heavy tolls on employment, office values, constructions, etc. also added into it and resulted in the decrease in costs of these prices due to slow down in the world markets also hit the real estate sector of Dubai which was expecting a rapid development in order to repay all its debts in stipulated time. This not only hit the real estate industry of Dubai but also the finance industries which financed most of the projects of construction. In Feb 2009, the estimated foreign debt for Dubai was approximated at blow billion US Dollars. It leads 250,000 United Arab Emirates national to be responsible for more than 400,000 US Dollars of foreign debts which is a very large amount although Dubai had been hit by a financial crisis in the past also. In the year 1999 Dubai was hit by a similar crisis but at that time the debts were much less than the amounts this time and at that time Abu Dhabi supported it but the amounts are very high this time as the main focus of Dubai government in the recent past has been tourism industry and the real estate is closely related to it.The assessment of Dubai market of property has shown a lot of depreciation or decrement. The property loss was more than 65% of their values since 2001 till November 2008 which has been one of the main causes of the financial crisis as the property market was expecting an increase in prices but the decrease proved to be fatal for it. The construction companies were expecting a rapid increase in the property prices and were expecting to repay their debts using the incomes created from it but that did not happen and lead to the financial crisisIn addition to all these failures in key businesses, consumer satisfaction, wealth etc. is estimated to be in trillions of US Dollars. The financial commi tments incurred by governments proved a fatal loss in economic activity.The Burst of BubbleDubai which is governed by Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum borrowed approx 80 billion US Dollars in a period of 4 years of construction for booming the construction market of economy of regional tourism as their main focus was on tourism as they expect that it would lead to a concrete source of income for them even when their oil reserves get exhausted. Emirates suffered a huge loss in the worlds steepest property slump as a result of global recession. The home prices dropped by 50 percent from their value in 2008 leaving Dubai in a situation where they were not able to generate adequate money in order to repay the debts that they had taken in order to promote the real estate industry.Dubai had 59 billion US Dollars of liabilities in agreement to the standstill of creditors. The debt included more than 3.5 billion dollars of bonds date December 14. This property unit is from Nakheel PJSC a firm from Dubai.Analyst said that the prime reason for the financial crisis in Dubai was the mismanagement or the abuse decision of Sheikh Mohammed. He invested all his as well as the Dubai government wealth in the real estate market in United State and had no plans to deal with any kinds of nose candys faced in their road to success such as recession. He thought that Dubai would neer be stuck with any sort of recession which was a result of lack of adequate planning for bad phases during their journey. The foreign investment of Emaar claimed to be the second largest builders in United States. They ultimately went bankrupt because of the recession and/or filed for chapter 11, which allows shakeup of a company under the laws of nonstarter for United States.United States bankruptcy code permits the reorganization of any of the company under the bankruptcy laws of United States of America. Dubai shifted to their crisis mode with their large and dangerous building boom. Their len ding bonanza presently vanished due to the crisis. Government and banks took huge steps to provide some stand-in to the organization and to rescue the falling organization. The bankruptcy of Emaar properties was a big shock for people around the world and even bigger for the people in Dubai as it acted as a hint of the financial crisis that had begun in Dubai which was considered to be one of the flourishing economies of the world.Announcement and the impact of official moratoriumDated 25 November, 2009, the final declaration came in by the government of Dubai. They announced that the company intends to ask all its providers for financing to Dubai World, its subsidiary Nakheel to remain standstill and overlay the maturities until at least the date 30 May 2010. This announcement meant a great decrease in the inflow of money for all the financial companies who had invested in motley projects in Dubai and also sent a bad message to the world which had come to know that Dubai was i n a financial crisis. Several months before the announcement Dubai world accounted for $59-billion debt which accounted for nearly three fourthly of the emirates total debt of US$80-billion. These debts also included a $3.5-billion debt which the company was ineffective to pay by its December deadline. This announcement not only led to a degradation of Dubais goodwill among investment companies but also had a bad impact on the global markets which were recovering from the impacts of recession, the announcement in a way pushed the recovering markets back when they had started growing.The impact was very concentrated as it degraded the investment status of Dubai amongst various investment companies. The governments announcement led both Standard Poors Investors Services and Moodys who were the key investors of Dubai heavily downgraded the debt of various Dubai government-related entities with interests in commercial operations, utilities, property, and commodities trading which me ant that it became harder for companies to get money for their projects. For Moody, the downgrade meant that the alter agencies would lose their investment grade status which would help Moody to make it very difficult for them to get the money required for their businesses.The effect was not only internal its impact was felt by all major markets of the world who experienced a drop in their stock indices. The main European markets shattered on November 26 followed by huge drops in Asian stocks on November 27 creating a bad impact on these markets that were recovering from the shocks of recession.Possibilities of RecoveryAlthough Dubai is presently suffering with a financial crisis there are still possibilities that it will recover from this crisis. Abu Dhabi the capital of the United Arab Emirates which is also the richest country of the United Arab Emirates is the brightest ray of hope for Dubai. Dubai has already asked Abu Dhabi to bail it out of the crisis. The hope even increase s as Abu Dhabi has helped Dubai in the past when Dubai was in Crisis although the demand is much higher than the past. Abu Dhabi has helped Dubai with an amount of $10 billion in order to bail out the Dubai world. A recent report by HSBC which says that Abu Dhabi has the specie liquid state to support its own companies and banks is even more plus reply as Dubais point of view. Thus Abu Dhabi may use some of this liquidity to bail out Dubai from this phase of crisis. With the U.A.E central bank showing positive signs by confirming that its board has discussed plans for supporting real estate business by lending Dubai as well as remaining United Arab Emirates has increased the probabilities of recovery for Dubai to a great extent.Impact on Indian EconomyIndian banks have communicated to the Reserve patois of India that their sheets show peanut investments in Dubai as compared to their revenues generated. The main investments are those of State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda and IC ICI combined together denote investments of around Rs 7000 crores with SBI having Rs 1500 crore in the combined charts. stock-still Bank of Barodas spreadsheet has Rs 4000 crore invested in UAE with only Rs 600 crores in real estate markets and has no negative impact on the health of the bank.However the professional front may face losses as Indians constitute 40% of the tribe of Dubai and are all in the business or service sector and so it may affect the remittances to India could decline provided the company is able to work out a bailout from this scenario.UAE has not been a significant source of investment in the Indian portfolio however the crises as already stated will affect the remittances or permanent transference of money to the relatives of Indians settled in Dubai was an important component of Indian Economy as in the beginning(a) quarter of fiscal year 2010 as it formed 45% of the invisibles. further the crises have created intense pressure on employment thereby dim inution the invisibles coming to the country.Dubai Worlds subsidiary DP World has investments in the Indian sea ports and planned investments of $ 500 million can hamper Indias water strength.Dubai crises and Indian exports are closely linked and reached a massive 13% in the fiscal of 2010 as is shown in the graph below. These figures give an estimate of how the exports could vacillation the critical situation and hamper the export market.Indian real estate developers who had ventured into Dubai like Nagarjuna Constructions, BSEL Infra, Larsen and Toubro etcReferencesDubai Crisis 2009. (n.d.), Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http//www.gktoday.in/2009/11/what-is-dubai-crisis-2009.htmlDubai Economic Crisis. (n.d.), Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http//www.docstoc.com/docs/23974903/Dubai-Economic-Crisis-And-Its-Impacts-On-IndiaDubai hit hard. (n.d.), Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http//www.globalcrisisnews.com/real-estate/dubai-hit-hard-by-financial-crisis/id=625/

Development of Sports Psychology Program

Development of summercaters psychology ProgramIn this study I result formulate and validate a amiable skills course of study. The foundations in which this broadcast leave be created go forth be on the applied mutation psychology of ego- converse and resourcefulness. The preferred result of this psychological skills weapons platformme is to benefactor a foot nuter mitigate their ego-assurance in regards to their punishment winning ability, which pull up s controls be achieved by applying the magnetic declination psychology theories of ego- guggle and resourcefulness. I forget as well be critically analysing the selected mental skills for the program in this probe.Psychological skills educational activity or PST is the utilisation of organised carry through of mental skills to improve exploit, and improve general happiness in their somatogenic activity (Weinberg and Gould, 2011). Gill (2000) provides a straightforward description of PST when he states th at psychological skill learn is a combination of manners which have been chosen for the objective of achieving psychological skill needs. An someone may at times face new challenges or barriers in pastime which repeatedly test the limits of their psychological skills and may even earn prejudicial feelings to their game (Weinberg and Gould, 2011). Psychological skills prepare was developed to help the jock or pretendticipant to overcome these problems and prune them subscribe on the successful path of achieving the goals set for them.There is no unmarried big money for Psychological Skills train, each stage or element must be sport particular or identifiable to the individual and must be establish upon the individuals psychological state. When attempting to put together a successful (PST) program it is important that you ar able to recognize the struggle between (PST) methods and (PST) skills. (PST) methods send packing be ordinarily apply as a tool to aid impr oving the (PST) skill and (PST) skills are the psychological attri barelyes in which development is required e.g. tightness (Calmels et al, 2003). To maximize the efficientness of your Psychological Skills Training program, Thelwell and Greenlees (2001) argue that a (PST) program will be more effective if there are a few mental skills employed sooner of just one but they must be sport specific.assessment from the literature that has been published, it seems that the Soviet Union was the first nation to accustom mental skills training with their suspensors and coaches focal point back in the 1950s (Williams Struab, 2006). This proves just how farseeing Psychological skills training has been delectation in sport, although systematic contents did non emerge until the early 1980s when it grew to become the major focus for practice and research inwardly North America.A common mistake in which coaches and athletes make is the factors in a fair situation, with an example univ erse losing concentration when attempting to take a penalization kick in foot freak game can non just now be rectified by practising penalization kicks on a symmetrical basis but more importantly by improving ones psychological skill as it is the individuals lack of mental skills which usually deuce-ace to the penalization miss (Weinberg Gould, 2007). A perfect example of a football player who is known for their goal scoring ability and dead ball situations is Lionel Messi. The link below shows Messi miss a penalty at a time where he had been a run of ii attempts missed attempts in his previous matches.https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnuI3kYTyfcThe psychological skills program in this essay will be centred on a 23 year centenarian male professional footballer plying his trade in championship, who for the purpose of this essay will be referred to as Jerome. In the league in which he plays he is one of the deadliest strikers, who is used to puttinging the ball in the back of the net both in open play and in set pieces i.e penalties and free kicks which when awarded he is first in line to take. This being verbalize he has not been successful in his last 4 penalty attempt which is very unfamiliar for a histrion of his track record. The player has confessed that he has lost authority in his penalty taking abilities overdue to missing his last 4 attempts and is considering stepping down from his penalty taking responsibilities in the team. after(prenominal) much thought and analysis of the scenario, the psychological methods in which I have chosen for his personal skills training are imaginativeness and self- blether as I believe these methods are most beneficial and effective in restoring the young footballers confidence in his penalty taking ability. The application of these chosen methods within his psychological skills training program will allow him to visualise himself scoring a penalty victimisation resourcefulness whilst using positive se lf-talk to assure himself that he can score as he walks up to take the penalty kick.Both self-talk and imagery are skills so to increase the chances of success for Jerome they must be do. One steering in which Jerome could practise imagery could be a couple hours or match day morning before a game, he could conk a few minutes of his time picturing himself walking unto the football pitch, going done his pre-game warm up routine, in game situations i.e penalty kick, free kicks etc. Vealey and Greenleaf (2006) believe that this imagery method should enable the athlete to identify and understand particular behaviours and thoughts that they can actively engage in to bugger off to move toward their ideal self-image. Weinberg Gould (2003) state that In order to maximise the effectiveness of the exercise an athlete must assimilate all the several(a) senses which are related to their control. So Therefore it is important that Jerome try to presuppose things that make him feel as th ough he is going through the experience e.g the feel of the grass on his boots, the feel of the ball on his feet, the noise from the crowd and generally anything which is familiar to him when hes on the field of play. This type of imagery is described as event-day imagery.Vealey Greenleaf (2006) describes imagery as the process in which an individual creates or recreates an experience in the mind. These images will usually be of times of previous experiences or a totally made up scenario where the performer is successful in completing challenges or performing physical skills on the pitch (Weinberg and Gould, 2011). The use and effectiveness of imagery is maximised when the focus is placed on the individual using imagery to maneuver his or her emotions. It is not uncommon to see an athlete freeze up or even at times lose control of their emotions. For the purpose of eliminate this issue, the athlete when using imagery must recreate or view a possible or previous negative experie nce for him or herself, once they have done this they must wherefore despatch that particular image from their mind and imagine the same situation but in a positive stylus or sequel. By the use of imagery our young footballer Jerome will be able to imagine/ recreate a negative experience taking a penalty and past replace that experience with the desired outcome of him scoring the penalty kick, which may help greatly reduce the chances of Jerome choking or minimising his mental process due to prying emotions.Munroe et al (2000) contends that imagery can similarly be used to augment ones sport skills, strategies, confidence and also maximise the chances of achieving set goals. Jerome could use this to rectify any errors or weaknesses within his play, which in turn will help him increase his confidence. Bandura (1986) indicated that experiences originating from ones own imagination are an excellent source of situation specific self-confidence /self-efficacy. imagery can be dis junct into two forms with these two training methods being either internal i.e. creating images in the mind or they can be external i.e. observing visual images (Weinberg and Gould, 2011). Research by Callow and Hardy (19972001) suggests that the use of external imagery could be emend holded for the programme due to the athletes level of performance. This being said I will be focusing more on the internal training methods. One of the limitations of imagery is that some athletes do not have a great deal of imagery to begin with and as a coach it is pretty much unimaginable measure an athletes level of imagery as it is a mental process which cannot be observed.Morris et al (2005) expresses his belief in imagery stating that imagery is one of the most commonly used method of mental training for athletes. Imagery is an integral part of many mental skills programs as it offers vast range applicability with imagery also being relevant in a wide range of sporting experiences. Moritz et al (1996) states how the even out-hand(a) use use of imagery can help improve confidence through rehearsing mental images. Imagery can also be used by a number of polar individuals ranging from elites or professionals and novices or amateurishs. Imagery also can be built into and around an athletes daily routine or workday in order to suit the individual needs of the athlete. This being said it is important that the athlete be in a well state mentally before root word the process of imagery. Gregg, Hall and Hanton (2004) explains that before an athlete attempts or begins any imagery sessions it is important that he or she be in a good haoma of mind and must also be in the ripe(p) mood as this better prepares them for the sessions maximising the chances of success in the process. .Self-talk is other psychological skills training technique that will be assimilated into Jeromes (PST) program. Hackfort Schwenkmezger (1993) localise Self talk as the verbal dialogue in which an athlete can not only understand their perceptions and feelings but also esteem how their feeling and then give themselves instructions or reinforcement. Self talk can be used both in a sporting environments e.g. the changing rooms, during competition before competition, after competition and in a non-sporting environments e.g. at home or a quiet/peaceful place.Landin and Herbert (1999) states that self talk can be separated into three different categories which are positive i.e. motivational, negative and instructional. Self talk can be separated into three different categories positive i.e. motivational, negative and instructional. Conventionally positive self talk is used to increase an athletes endeavour and to enhance a positive attitude although positive self talk does not implement any sport specific target or parturiency e.g. (a golf player can say to himself im going to sink this putt ). Instructional self talk can be used in mental skills training to assist in the maint enance of an athletes focus on task associated areas of their own performance with the desired outcome being that they augment the execution of a skill e.g. (a footballer could say to himself to self to focus on his technique when striking the ball). The third and final category is negative self talk and this can be described as when an athlete is over critical of them self which can decrease the athletes chances of achieving their goals, this can also lead to anxiety which can also bring an athletes performance down. A good example of negative self talk could be a footballer telling them self that their passing is below par or they do not have the ability to compete with the enemy etc. one limitation of self talk is that if an athlete does not fully focused they may become distracted as they could square up themselves confused as their overloaded with stimuli.Self talk used decently can be useful in a number of different tasks in sport, this being said it is important that the practitioner evaluate what would be the most suitable type of self talk for the selected task which will then maximise the chance of future performance augmentation for an athlete. Mikes (1987) suggests that there are six rules which can aid an athlete with performance implementation, these are as followsFirst person should be used and present tense carry phrases as short as possible and be specific The phrases should be constructive and positiveSpeak to yourself in a kind mannerPhrases should be meaningfulPhrases should be repeated frequentlyIn favor of all the bullet points stated there are also a number of other strategies which have been found to improve self-talk. ever-changing negative self-talk and thought stopping are some of the most successful strategies used in psychology in sport. The term Thought stopping describes the way in which an individual or disregards or deals with negative thoughts before they begin corrupt the mind-set of the individual which whether youre an athlete or amateur could lead to a negative impact on performance. The term Changing negative self-talk to positive self-talk can be described as when an individual is coping with negative thoughts and then transforms them into positive self-talk which could change the mind frame of the individual as the athlete or amateur will be more than likely more motivated. Jerome could use this particular mental skills method of positive self talk before attempting to take a penalty or free kick simply telling maxim I will score.Jeromes psychological skills training program (PST) will be conducted in phases as he attempts to improve his confidence in his penalty taking.as previously stated the program will be based on the two mental skills training methods of imagery and self-talk. This program should be used and repeated for over 6 weeks as anything less could say the effects of the skills training to be temporary.Phase 1 (Night earlier to match) hand over your habitual match day rout ine as detailed as possible then once the match has ended picture yourself travel asleep.Phase 2 (Night prior to match)Picture yourself before kick-off walking with your teammates through the tunnel, the cheers of the crowd, while also trying to imagine or recreate how that makes you feel, then end the image with you dropping asleep.Phase 3 (Training)Picture you on the pitch stepping up to take a penalty kick saying to yourself repeatedly I will score.Phase 4 (Night prior to match)Picture yourself going through your customary match day routine, then imagine as detailed as possible yourself in a game situation just about to step up to take a penalty telling yourself obscurely I will score you should then imagine yourself scoring the penalty and celebrating moving on to your customary post match routine then ending the image with you falling asleep.Phase 5 (Match)Prior to taking a penalty you should use imagery to picture yourself scoring and then use self talk saying to yourself obscurely and repeatedly I will score.After analysing the current evidence and research in imagery and self talk it is safe to say that both are effective practices. The psychological skills training program provided will allow for the chosen athlete to improve his confidence in his penalty taking ability if both the practitioner conducts the program correctly and the athlete participates in the program willingly and in the right frame of minds. Jerome should be able to improve his confidence with regard to his penalty taking ability. The development of Strong mental skills may help Jerome to perform at his maximum level and may also lead to him decorous a more consistent performer. Although, a number of limitations have been accepted that could affect the success of these types of programs. The person delivering the programme plays a key fibre in the success of the program as the person delivering the programme has to be able to correctly impart to the player the basics behind the use of these methods as lack of knowledge of the methods could have a negative effect in the players motivation as they might start to lose credence in the methods. This could possibly lead to a decrease in effort from Jerome as motivation could play a key role in him being able to work on and maintain his ability to produce mental images. Another limitation that can affect the success of the program is the time spent on it as it is important that the athlete sink almost as much time practicing these skills as they do practicing their physical skills. A common mistake made in the application of these programmes is that the practitioner or athlete does not keep to the recommended time period which in order to augment and maintain not only their mental stableness but also their confidence in these methods should be recurrently practiced throughout the football season.Reference listBandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and actions A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall.Calmels, C. et al. (2003) Competitive strategies among elite effeminate gymnasts An exploration of the relative influence of psychological skills training and natural acquisition experiences. International Journal of Sport Exercise Psychology.Callow, N. Hardy, L. (2001). Types of Imagery with Sport effrontery in Netball Players of Varying Skill Levels.Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 13 (1), p1-17.Gregg, M. Hall, C., Hanton, S. (2004). sensed effectiveness of mental imagery. Manuscript submitted for publication.Gill, D. (2000) Psychological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise, second edition, Champaign, Illinois Human Kinetics.Hackfort, D., Schwenkmezger, P. (1993) Anxiety. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphy, L. K. Tenant (Eds.), Handbook of research in sport psychology. New York Macmillan.Moritz, S. Hall, C. Martin, K. Vadocz, E. (1996). What are confident athletes imaging? An Examination of Image Content. The Sports Psychologist. 10 (1), p171-179.Mikes, J. (1987). Basketball fundamentals A complete mental training guide. Champaign, IL Leisure Press.Munroe, K. J., Giacobbi, P., Hall, C. R., Weinberg, R. S. (2000). The 4 Ws of imagery use Where, when, wherefore and what. The Sport Psychologist, 14Landin, D., Hebert, E. P. (1999). The influence of self-talk on the performance of skilled female tennis players. Journal ofApplied Sport Psychology, 11, 263282.Thelwell, R.C. and Greenlees, I.A. (2001) The effects of a mental skills training package on gymnasium triathlon performance. The Sports Psychologist,Vealey, R. S., Greenleaf, C. A. (2006). Seeing is believing Understanding and using imagery in sport. In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology ain growth to peak performance fifth ed. (pp. 285-305). Mountain View, CA Mayfield Publishing.Weinberg, R. and Gould, D. (2003). Foundations of sport exercise psychology (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL Human Kinetics.Weinberg, R and Gould, D (2007). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psycho logy.. Champaigne, IL Human Kinetics.Weinberg, R, and Gould, D (2011). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. 5th ed. Leeds Human Kinetics. p.247-362.Williams, J.M., Straub, W.F. (2006). Sport Psychology Past, present, future. In J.M. Wiliams (Ed.), Applied Sport Psychology Personal growth to peak performance (5th ed). Boston McGraw-Hill

Gwendolyn Brooks :: Biography Biographies Essays

Gwendolyn countenance Although she was born on 7 June 1917 in Topeka, Kansas--the counterbalance child of David and Keziah countenance--Gwendolyn stick out is a Chicagoan. The family travel to Chicago shortly after her birth, and despite her ample travels and periods in about of the major universities of the country, she has remained associated with the citys South Side. What her strong family unit lacked in material wealth was made bearable by the wealth of benignant capital that resulted from unattackable interpersonal relationships. When she writes about families that--despite their daily adversities--are not dysfunctional, Gwendolyn support writes from an intimate noesis reinforced by her own life.Brooks be Hyde Park uplifted School, the leading white high school in the city, but transferred to the all-black Wendell Phillips, and then to the integrated Englewood High School. In 1936 she graduated from Wilson junior-grade College. These four schools gave her a perspe ctive on racial dynamics in the city that continues to submit her work.Her profound interest in rime assured much of her former(a) life. Eventide, her first poem, was publish in American childhood Magazine in 1930. A few years later she met throng Weldon Johnson and Langston Hughes, who urged her to read newfangled poetry--especially the work of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, and e. c. cummings--and who emphasized the need to write as much and as frequently as she possibly could. By 1934 Brooks had become an addition member of the staff of the Chicago Defender and had published almost hotshot hundred of her poems in a weekly poetry column.In 1938 she marital Henry Blakely and moved to a kitchenette apartment on Chicagos South Side. Between the birth of her first child, Henry, Jr., in 1940 and the birth of Nora in 1951, she became associated with the company of writers involved in Harriet Monroes still-extant metrical composition A Magazine of Verse. From this group she received further encouragement, and by 1943 she had won the midwestern Writers Conference Poetry Award.In 1945 her first book of poetry, A street in Bronzeville (published by Harper and Row), brought her instant critical acclaim. She was selected one of white perch magazines Ten green Women of the Year, she won her first Guggenheim Fellowship, and she became a fellow of the American Academy of liberal arts and Letters. Her second book of poems, Annie Allen (1949), won Poetry magazines Eunice Tietjens Prize. In 1950 Gwendolyn Brooks became the first African American to win a Pulitzer Prize.Gwendolyn Brooks Biography Biographies EssaysGwendolyn Brooks Although she was born on 7 June 1917 in Topeka, Kansas--the first child of David and Keziah Brooks--Gwendolyn Brooks is a Chicagoan. The family moved to Chicago shortly after her birth, and despite her extensive travels and periods in some of the major universities of the country, she has remained associated with the citys South Side. What her strong family unit lacked in material wealth was made bearable by the wealth of human capital that resulted from warm interpersonal relationships. When she writes about families that--despite their daily adversities--are not dysfunctional, Gwendolyn Brooks writes from an intimate knowledge reinforced by her own life.Brooks attended Hyde Park High School, the leading white high school in the city, but transferred to the all-black Wendell Phillips, then to the integrated Englewood High School. In 1936 she graduated from Wilson Junior College. These four schools gave her a perspective on racial dynamics in the city that continues to influence her work.Her profound interest in poetry informed much of her early life. Eventide, her first poem, was published in American Childhood Magazine in 1930. A few years later she met James Weldon Johnson and Langston Hughes, who urged her to read modern poetry--especially the work of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, and e. c. cummings--and who emphasized the need to write as much and as frequently as she possibly could. By 1934 Brooks had become an adjunct member of the staff of the Chicago Defender and had published almost one hundred of her poems in a weekly poetry column.In 1938 she married Henry Blakely and moved to a kitchenette apartment on Chicagos South Side. Between the birth of her first child, Henry, Jr., in 1940 and the birth of Nora in 1951, she became associated with the group of writers involved in Harriet Monroes still-extant Poetry A Magazine of Verse. From this group she received further encouragement, and by 1943 she had won the Midwestern Writers Conference Poetry Award.In 1945 her first book of poetry, A Street in Bronzeville (published by Harper and Row), brought her instant critical acclaim. She was selected one of Mademoiselle magazines Ten Young Women of the Year, she won her first Guggenheim Fellowship, and she became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Her second book of poems, Annie All en (1949), won Poetry magazines Eunice Tietjens Prize. In 1950 Gwendolyn Brooks became the first African American to win a Pulitzer Prize.

Man of La Mancha :: essays research papers

"Facts are the enemy of uprightness" cries Don Quixote de la Mancha. And I wonder, is this the furore of Quixote or Cervantess inspiration? Can facts really be laws enemy? Facts arent seemly to explain how irrational perfection lies at the root of imperfect Aldonza. Facts put on incessantly misled us.For history and science, facts are used at all times. all the same in both areas, unprocessed facts are truths enemy. Facts taken at grimace value deceive us all(prenominal) time. In the end, Quixotes family hauls him in and subjects him to the cure. When they aim him to accept the obvious facts, it kills him. Aldonza approaches his deathbed. In his defeat, Quixote calls her Aldonza. "No," she says, "my name is Dulcinea" She has, at last, found the truth -- the perfection -- that contradicts the facts. If Quixotes madness didnt redeem him, it did, at least, redeem her.Throughout the O.J. Simpson berth of 1991, his lawyers were attempting to convince pe ople, most importantly the jury, that by conjuring facts which created doubts in the minds of the people, and and then concealed the truth about what happened. Fahrenheit 9/11 or Iraq War. Facts are part of the truth, but not its whole. Fact is always hold its a piece of information about something. Fact is a small division of truth as interpreted by an individual. The truth emerges when there is the clear vision to see facts with their proper weight and place.It nominate take much research and fact-checking to determine what the facts are. Its not easy to frame out what is real and what is not. Being fully informed on every important issue is impossible all one can do is their best with the time, resources, and inclinations they have.However, even if one has time to read extensively, its not always possible to conclusively know the facts in the middle of the "he tell, she said" of politics. In the face of contradictory versions of events, for example, whose version do we trust? We werent there, after all. We often end up just believing what we want to believe, what fits with our views and is appetising to us. Its important to keep an open mind and recognize when we dont have lavish information to be certain of the facts. Pg. 11. Taken out of context, almost anything a person does or says can be made to look wondering(a) or good.

The Biochip and Advancements in Medical Treatment Essay -- Exploratory

The Biochip and Advancements in Medical Treatment Advances in microchips lapse daily, but a recent advance in the area backside only be called revolutionary. No, these are not a to a greater extent ripe(p) breed of thin silicon wafers, better known as calculating machine chips. They are called biochips. A blending of silicon technology with biology has produced a groundbreaking new technology. It can be used to tell how actively a gene works, whether it carries any mutations, and even aid in the gracious genome project, a colossal term project to map the entire tender genome. The biochip is a square of glass about the area of a dime. It is cover with DNA probes. The probes are oligonucleotides, strands of DNA six to nine bases long. A long strand of DNA of an unknown sequence is to be tested to retrieve its sequence. First, it is fragmented and then washed over the chip. The fragments only attach to their complementary oligonucleotides on the c hip. This is because bases only pair with complementary bases. Adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine. The adjoining step is to analyze the reactions between the bases and determine the sequence of base pairs. This exit give a clear picture of the formerly unknown DNA. The biochip uses fluorescent fixture tags to determine where unknown fragments attach to their complementary strands on the chip. A microscope given to a computer reads the patterns of fluorescence and gives the sequences of the unknown strand. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, consists of various sequences of four ingrained compounds called bases, and some proteins. Abbreviated, the initials of the bases are A, C, G, and T. The building blocks of all life, they encode thousands of genes. The... ...d over this chip, and the places where in that location are weak hybridizations, or base pair bonding, a slight bright tag would indicate a inherited mutation. One would be able to determine the exact place on that persons gene where the person has a genetic abnormality. An obvious use of the new technology exit be as the earliest possible screening method for cancer. all(a) genetic disorders could be tested for within a matter of minutes. With more advanced technology, such as what is happening with computer chips today, all genetic disorders could be checked for using but a single chip. new(prenominal) chips could be used to determine how tall a person is to grow, whether they depart bald earlier, or any number of applications. Obviously the technology depart also be used in animal studies. The only confinement to the advancement of this innovative new chip is the imagination.