An Investigation of Vibrio Cholera

I chose to investigate vibrio epidemic cholerae from the genus Vibrio because I found that V. cholerae was a rattling arouse bacterium. According to our schoolbookbook, (Prescotts Principles of Microbiology by Willey Joanne, Woolverton Chris, Sherwood Linda), V. cholerae has cause s thus far pandemics in various parts of the world, especially Asia, the gist East and Africa. According to the 2009 Cholera y premature report from the World Health Organization, (Weekly epidemiologic Record, 2010, 85(31)293-308), the US experienced less than 20 cases while around the world 45 countries experienced 221226 cases including 4946 deaths.In 1883 Robert Koch, who is considered by our text and many opposite(a)s to be one of the founders of microbiology determine the Vibrio bacterium that caused cholera. Koch believed that the key to prevention was to improve hygiene and in vigorous drinking water. This is the reason that there atomic number 18 so few cases in the join States per ye ar, because we put one across a high microscope stage of sanitary drinking water end-to-end the United States. Our textbook describes its taxonomy as being one of many serogroups, the textbook identifies V. cholerae O1 and 0139 to be one of two serogroups that cause epidemics.V. cholerae O1 to a fault has two sterotypes and two biotypes. In 1992, the unfermented kind, 0139 was discovered in Asia, barely for the freshman time in recorded history, the 0139 strain actually displaced the 01 serogroup in India. Some of the genus Vibrio characteristics are that they are capable of fermentative and aerobic metabolism. According to Bergeys Manual, they are link to enteric bacteria and Pseudomonadaceae and they are considered to be Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-negative Rods and on the level with the Family Enterobacteriaceae.Read Chapter 8 Microbial geneticsVibrios are distinguished from enterics by being oxidase-positive and motile by content of polar flagella. V. cholerae as d efileious bacteria, study the same goals as any other organism, to run over and infect the hose, to replicate and to move to a nonher troops. There are all a few commissions that V. cholerae invade the world body. First, according to our text, it is transmitted by means of contaminated water that has been contaminated with fecal material containing V. cholerae from infected respective(prenominal)(a)s. Such an vol domiciliateic eruption is occurring right right away in Haiti.The ancestor of the contamination tin be from other cholera sufferers untreated diarrheal discharge into waterways or into groundwater or drinking water supplies. Because of the earthquake that occurred in Haiti the sanitary conditions of the water is probably the master(prenominal) source of transmission. A second way for transmission of V. cholerae to souls is through contaminated victuals, any from fecal matter on the provender from an infected individual or perhaps an infected individual th at does not have good hygiene handling food and infecting others.The third way that an individual piece of tail be exposed to V. cholerae, is through feeding raw improperly cooked shellfish that were harvested in fecal-polluted coastal waters or even from shellfish that were harvested from non fecal-polluted waters and either undercooked or re-contaminated after cooking. In the United States this is ordinarily how individuals are infected, this is because V. cholera is one of the almost common bacteria found in surface waters. Strains have been found in marine coastal areas and in warmer estuaries in the United States.According to the FDA, The heavy(p) Bug Book, (www. fda. gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/default. htm). formerly an individual has been infected and the bacteria is now inside the innkeeper, it has to survive the upper GI tract, which usually is very good at defending against invasion. Unfortunately for the host, cholera can grow very well in a high salt and subaltern pH environment. The bacterial incubation stopover is usually from 12 to 72 hours.When the bacteria get past the upper GI tract, they avoid the immune system by using their polysaccharide capsule which makes phagocytosis by the host immune system very difficult and pass on allow the bacteria to continue to replicate. It colonizes the small intestine The bacteria are not harmed by the powerful brook acid of the infected individual because of the polysaccharide capsule and attach themselves to the enteral wall of the small intestine. They secrete a cholera toxin, called choleragen.The bacteria are not invasive and the toxin that is secreted enters the intestinal epithelial cells, adding an ADP-ribosyl group, care pertussis toxin does which activated the enzyme adenylate cyclase which triggers the hypersectretion of water and choride ions and preventing sodium ions from being absorbed. The results are that the infected individual starts to lose large amounts of placids, through vomiting, and a high amount of watery diarrhea. The individual will have painful stomach cramps and nausea and whitethorn lose up to 10 to 15 litres of fluid during the naturally of the infection.The large amounts of fluid loss, is usually referred to as rice-water, and the diarrhea fluid contaminates water used by other individuals causing others to be infected as well. The amount of fluid loss that the individual loses can be large enough that the individual may have high levels of blood proteins and can lead to death from circulatory shock. In the intestinal tract V. cholerae can develop bacterial genes that can increase infectivity of posterior hosts. The process is not well known, but the stimulated genes prepare the bacteria to be better, more infective colonizers in incidental hosts. his process may be constituent(a) to fueling future epidemics. According to a idea published in Proc Natl Acad Sci re gular army in September 2006, that V. cholera cells will adjust to the host they invaded. They will coiffe up their transcriptional profile, to adjust to the human host from the aquatic environment. Its ability to infect and multiply within a host regardless of the range of environmental conditions. In studies on bacterial pathogenesis, virulence genes are usually the focus which is essential for pathogenesis.The findings of this paper showed that the repression of MSHA pilus production suggested that not scarce is it critical for colonization but is withal critical to the role in bacterial pathogenesis. It appears from the article that MSHA repression is critical in the early stages of the infection, to evade the hosts unlearned immune response. so when you think of V. cholera it is a very successful human pathogen because of transcriptional regulation and using a set of wide responses that are flexible so that the bacteria can respond to a wide ranging environment.